ЧАСТИ РЕЧИ 6 страница

Photo: St Paul's Cathedral

It took the architect Christopher Wren 35 years to build the Cathedral. It is one of the most beautiful pieces of architecture in Europe. It has a huge dome with a golden ball on the top. The interior of the Cathedral is very beautiful too.

There are many museums and art galleries in London. The British Museum is famous for its rich library (about 7.000.000 books). It is also the Museum of History, Archaeology, Art and Ethnography.The British Museum contains the most important collections in Britain.

The Buckingham Palace

The Buckingham Palace is the place where the Queen of England lives.

I

Trafalgar Square

Photo: Trafalgar Square

Westminster Abbey

Trafalgar Square is the geographical centre of London. It was named in the memory of Admiral Nelson's victory in the battle of Trafalgar in 1805. The tall Nelson's Column stands in the middle of the square. Opposite the Nelson monument is the National Gallery and the National Portrait Gallery. They contain the finest art collections of the world.

Westminster Abbey is the place where the coronation of nearly all kings and queens has taken place since the time of the Conquest. Many of them are buried here as well as some other famous people of the country. Westminster Abbey is famous for its architecture and history. There are the graves of some of the world's famous writers, poets and scientists: Chaucer, Charles Dickens, Tennyson, Thomas Hardy,. Kipling and others are buried here. There in the Poet's Corner there are memorials to Shakespeare and Milton, Burns, Byron, Scott, Thackeray and Longfellow. Here is also the grave of the Unknown Soldier who was killed in the First World War.

Besides its museums, London has a lot of buildings that have played an important role in the history of architecture. Buildings of St. Paul's Cathedral or the Bank of England are considered classical architecture. But there are also the neo-gothic Houses of Parliament and the high-tech Lloyds building, and numerous other public and private buildings, and houses and palaces have influenced architects around the world.

СЛОВАРЬ

several |'sevr(a)l] несколько

art gallery ['gaelenj картинная галерея

commerce [ komais] торговля, коммерция

sights достопримечательности

fortress крепость

to murder fmorda] убивать

whoever кто бы ни

Royal королевский

jewels [' ju:alz] драгоценные камни

Court двор (короля)

Bloody Tower ['bL\diJ Кровавая башня

Duke of York герцог Йоркский

prison тюрьма

beefeater бифитер, служитель охраны лондонского Тауэра

to keep watch дежурить

to influence влиять, повлиять

raven ['reivn] ворон

clipped wings подрезанные крылья

is called after назван в честь

construction строительство to conduct проводить grave могила

Conquest [kankwest] завоевание Англии норманнами (1066 г.) densely populated плотно населенный

1® Задание 5.2. Напишите рассказ о Лондоне и его знаме­нитых зданиях используя следующие вопросы.

1.
What is the capital of Great Britain?

2. What is London's population now?

3. On what river does London stand?

4. Into what parts is London divided?

5. Why is the City called the business centre of London?

6. Who was buried in Westminster Abbey?

7. What is the West End famous for?

8. Why is the central square in London named Trafalgar Square?

One of the most famous places in London is Piccadilly Circus. Of course, it is not a real circus, with lions and acrobats! The word 'circus' is used because the road goes in a circle. You can see a picture of Piccadilly Circus in the top right hand picture. The street that runs from Piccadilly Circus to Hyde Park Corner is called Piccadilly. Piccadilly is a strange word, isn't it? So where does it come from?

In the late 16^th and early 17^,h centuries, there was a fashion for both men and women from the upper social classes to wear stiff, wide collars, which were either pleated or frilled. In those days, these round, starched collars were called Picadills, or ruffles. Today, we call them ruffs. In the picture, you can see a painting of a man from the 16^,h century wearing a picadill round his neck. Queen Elizabeth I (Queen Elizabeth the First) also wore them, as you can see in the picture. Even today, at the Tower of London, you will see the famous Beefeater Guards wearing ruffs as part of their traditional costume.

So, what is the connection between the street called Piccadilly and this once-fashionable and rather ridiculous neckwear? Well, in the early 17^lh Century (in other words, the early 1600s) a tailor called Robert Baker made such a lot of money from making and selling picadills that he bought some land to the west of London (at the time, this area was not actually in London!), and in 1612 he

built a mansion there. People called the mansion Piccadilly Hall, because selling picadills was how he had got so rich! Over time, the road that passed the mansion became known as Piccadilly.

Piccadilly is now in the heart of London's West End, the part of London where there are the most theatres and tourist attractions. It's where the main bright lights of London can be found. It's an exciting place, and if you are in the UK, I hope you will visit the West End!

^ TEXT 7

INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT BIG BEN

• Big Ben is the biggest four-faced, chiming clock in the world.

• The real name of the tower is "Clock Tower". Big Ben is the nickname of the main bell, known as the Great Bell, housed within the tower.

• A survey of 2,000 people was conducted in 2008 that came up with conclusion that the tower was the most popular landmark in the United Kingdom.

• Big Ben was built to replace the Old Palace of Westminster, after it

was destroyed by fire in October 1834.

• The clock became operational on 7^th September 1859.

• Big Ben was designed by Charles Barry.

• The clock and its dials were designed by Augustus Pugin.

• The first 61 meters of Clock Tower are made up of brickwork and stone cladding and the rest of tower is made from cast iron.

• The Tower leans slightly towards northwest, by 8.66 inches.

• The bell of "Big Ben" weighs 14.5 tonnes. It is the huge size of the bell that inspired Benjamin Hall to give it the name of Big Ben.

• The bell of Clock Tower did not stop working even during World War 2.

• The tower was built on a 15-metre square base, made of 3-metre thick concrete, at 4 meters below ground level.

• The four faces of the clock are 55 meters above ground. The interior volume of the tower is 4,650 cubic meters.

• At the base of each clockface is a Latin inscription, in gilt letters. It reads - DO MINE SALVAM FAC REG I NAM NOSTRAM VICTORIAM PRIMAM, which means "O Lord, keep safe our Queen Victoria the First".

• Clock Tower is the focus of New Year celebrations in the United Kingdom, when radio and TV stations translate its chimes to welcome the start of the year.

• British TV programme "News at Ten" shows the image of the Clock Tower, with the sound of clock's chimes marking the headlines of news. It has been done so for the last 41 years.

• Tower clocks seen around the world have been inspired by the look of the Great Clock of Big Ben.

СЛОВАРЬ

survey J'savei] опрос, анкетирование housed помещённый внутри

landmark l'kendma:k| ориентир, достопримечательность

dial fdaiEclj циферблат

brickwork [ bnkwa:kl кирпичная кладка

cast iron |ka:st'ai3nl чугун

gilt [gilt] позолоченный

concrete I'korjkrirtJ бетон

chimes звон курантов

headline fhedlain] заголовок, рубрика

HOW TO PRONOUNCE BRITISH PLACE NAMES

(by Jane Lawson)

Sometimes the names of British cities, towns and villages are pronounced differently from their spelling. It's because the names are often more than 1000 years old, and the pronunciation has changed over the centuries.

One of the most famous British cities is Oxford, that has one of the world's oldest universities. But the original meaning of Oxford is 'Place where ox can cross a shallow part of the river' An OX is a bull, and a FORD is a shallow part of a river, where you can cross easily without a bridge. You can see some cows doing this in the picture. So, in ancient Britain, this place was known as Ox-Ford. There are many places in Britain with the ending -ford, for example Bradford or Stratford, and this always means 'shallow place in a river.' But the ending-ford is now always pronounced -fad.

If a place name ends \n-caster, -cester or -Chester, then we know that this place was a Roman town over 1600 years ago, when the Romans occupied Britain. The endings -caster, —cester or -Chester come from CASTRA, which means 'military town', or 'fort' in Latin, the language of the Romans. English word 'castle' comes from this word. But if a place name ends in -cester, it usually is pronounced as -ster. For example, we say Leicester, Gloucester, and Worcester. But if a place name ends in -Chester or -caster, we usually pronounce the ending more clearly. For example, we say Winchester, Dorchester, Lancaster and Doncaster.

Another place name ending that is often mispronounced is -mouth. If a place name ends with -mouth, it means this place is at the mouth of a river — where the river meets the sea. So,

Dartmouth is at the mouth of the River Dart, Weymouth is at the mouth of the River Wey, Exmouth is at the mouth of the River Exe, and so on.

ГРАММАТИКА

ОБОЗНАЧЕНИЯ ВРЕМЕНИ

Если минутная стрелка на часах (the long hand) находится в правой части циферблата (aface) — используется предлог past.

It's ten past eleven. • ' Десять минут двенадцатого.
It's a quarter past eleven. Четверть двенадцатого.
It's half past eleven. Половина двенадцатого.

Если минутная стрелка находится в левой части цифербла­та, то используется предлог to

It's ten to twelve. Без десяти двенадцать.

It's a quarter to twelve. Без четверти двенадцать.

It's twenty minutes to twelve. Без двадцати минут

двенадцать.

It's eleven sharp. Одиннадцать часов

ровно.

Время до полудня обозначается a.m. (от лат. ante meridiem), а после полудня р.ш (от лат. post meridiem). Например: 10 a.m. — десять часов утра. 6 р.т — шесть часов вечера.

Задание 5.3. Напишите словами по-английски время.

А) 8.05, 8.10, 8.15, 8.20, 8.25, 8.30, 8.35, 8.45, 8.50, 8.55, 9.00

Б) 1. Без двадцати двенадцать.

2. Без четверти три.

3. Половина пятого.

4. Четверть седьмого.

5. Десять минут второго.

6. Ровно двенадцать часов.

Дни недели (употребляются с предлогом on)

Monday I'mAndi] — понедельник Tuesday ['tju:zdi] — вторник Wednesday fwenzdi] — среда Thursday [GatzdiJ — четверг Friday ['fraidi] — пятница Saturday ['sgtadi] — суббота Sunday ['sAndi] — воскресенье

Месяцы (употребляются с предлогом in)

January ('djenjuan] February [ТеЬгиэп] March [ma:tf] April ['eipril] May [mei] June [cfcum] July [dju'laij August [D:g3St] September [sep'temba] October [эк'ЮиЬз] November [nou'vemba] December [di'semba]

Времена года (употребляются с предлогом in)

spring [spnrj] весна summer [' SAma] лето autumn I'D:t3m] осень winter ['winta] зима

Запомните следующие слова и выражения:

a watch — часы (наручные, карманные) a clock — часы (стенные, настольные) My watch is five minutes fast. —Мои часы спешат на 5 минут. My watch is five minutes slow. — Мои часы отстают на 5 минут.

What day is it today? — Какой сегодня день (недели)? What date is it today? — Какое сегодня число? What time is it now? — Который час? What is the time? — Который час?

j

Выражения, связанные со временем

yesterday — вчера

the day before yesterday — позавчера

today - сегодня

tonight - сегодня вечером

tomorrow — завтра

the day after tomorrow — послезавтра

a fortnight — две недели

from 10 till 12 - с 10 до 12

half an hour - полчаса

10 days ago — 10 дней назад

It's time to — пора (делать что-либо)

in an hour's time — в течение часа

in time — вовремя (не слишком поздно; так, чтобы успеть) on time — вовремя (точно по плану) in the middle of — в середине

this week (month, year) — на этой неделе (в этом месяце, году)

next week — на следующей неделе last week — на прошлой неделе last night — вчера вечером

ПОРЯДОК слов В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИИ

В английском предложении каждый член предложения, как правило, имеет свое определенное место. В простом рас­пространенном повествовательном предложении следующий порядок слов:

1. Подлежащее.

2. Сказуемое.

3. Дополнение (косвенное, прямое).

4. Обстоятельства (образа действия, места, времени). Например: The waiter gives menus to the guests in the restaurant, или The waiter gives the guests menus in the restaurant.

1) The waiter — подлежащее

2) gives — сказуемое

3) menus — прямое дополнение, to the guests — косвенное
дополнение

4) in the restaurant —обстоятельство места.

Задание 5.4. Составьте и напишите предложения, об­ращая внимание на порядок слов.

1. The best, Victor, waiter, is, at the restaurant.

2. Serves, different, the restaurant, dishes.

3. The, is, Russia, the, in, country, largest, world.

4. Is, the city, in, of, the center, the restaurant.

^* Задание 5.5. Поставьте косвенное дополнение после гла­гола и уберите предлог.

Образец: She gave a letter to the postman. — She gave the postman a letter.

1. Victor wrote a letter to his mother.

2. I'll send the books to you.

3. He brought the book to her this morning.

4. She wrote a letter to her brother.

5. My sister sent a letter to my daughter.

6. He showed the books to me.

7. They wrote a.letter to us.

БЕЗЛИЧНЫЕ И НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННО-ЛИЧНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ

Английские предложения отличаются от русских тем, что в них всегда есть подлежащее и сказуемое. Поэтому в безлич­ных предложениях, когда нет подлежащего, используется в качестве формального подлежащего местоимение it.

/Г is not cold today. Сегодня не холодно. It rains all day long. Цел ы Яде н ь идет дождь.

Безличные предложения такого типа состоят из местоиме­ния it, которое не переводится, глагола-связки в нужном но смыслу времени и именной части сказуемого, выраженного чаше всего прилагательным. Именная часть может быть также выражена существительным или числительным.

It's nice to meet you. Приятно познакомиться с вами.

// is ten o'clock already. Уже десять часов.

Безличные предложения очень часто описывают погоду, явления природы, обозначают время, расстояние.

Вопросительная и отрицательная формы безличных пред­ложений образуются по тем же правилам, что и вопроситель­ные и отрицательные формы предложений с именным состав­ным сказуемым.

Is it cold? — Холодно?

It is not cold. — He холодно.

Isn't it interesting? — Разве не интересно?

It is interesting. — Интересно.

Частица not ставится после первого вспомогательного гла­гола.

Задание 5.6. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. It is ten o'clock in the morning already. 2. It is snowing Vnow. 3. It's far from here. 4. It was nice to meet your friend. 5. It's late. It's time to go home. 6. Isn't it interesting? 7. It is cold today. 8. Is it cold outside? 9. It is only nine o'clock in the evening. It's early to go home. 10. Is it raining now? 11. It is necessary to finish our work today.

ПОВЕЛИТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ ГЛАГОЛА

Повелительное наклонение выражает приказ, просьбу или запрет на совершение действия. Предложение обычно начина­ется глаголом-сказуемым в форме инфинитива без частицы to.

Например:

Take the menu, please. Возьмите меню, пожалуйста. Pass те the salt, please. Передайте мне соль, пожалуйста. Have а сир of tea, please. Выпейте, пожалуйста, чашку чая.

Для образования отрицательной грормы употребляется вспо­могательный глагол to do с отрицанием not (сокр. don't [dount]).

Don't be late for dinner. He опаздывайте к обеду.
Do not smoke here! He курите здесь!

Don't take this book. He берите эту книгу.

Для 1-го и 3-го лица единственного и множественного числа форма повелительного наклонения образуется при помощи глагола let — разрешать (let us = let's), личного местоимения в объектном падеже (him, her, us, them) или существительного в общем падеже и смыслового глагола. Например:

Let те help you. Позвольте мне помочь вам. Let them help us. Пусть они помогут нам. Let us go to the cafe. Пойдемте в кафе.

Let's have supper in this restaurant. Давайте поужинаем в этом ресторане.

Let Tanya lay the table. Пусть Таня накроет стол.

Отрицательная форма повелительного наклонения образу­ется так же, как и для 2-го лица, т.е. с помощью do not.

Do not let (Don't let) the children play with matches. He разре­шайте детям играть со спичками.

Let's not take dessert today. Давайте сегодня не будем брать десерт.

Задание 5.7. Попросите по-английски:

1. Дайте мне меню, пожалуйста. 2. Принесите нам чи­стые тарелки. 3. Передайте мне соль, пожалуйста. 4. На­кройте этот стол для обеда. 5. Возьмите меню, пожалуйста. 6. Говорите по-английски, пожалуйста. 7. Закройте книгу и принесите ее мне. 8. Не открывайте это окно, пожалуйста.

I®* Задание 5.8. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в форму повелительного наклонения и переведите предложения.

1. Let's (to go) home. 2. Let me (to help) you to choose the dessert. 3. Let us (not / to go) home now because it is early. 4. (not/ to be) so lazy! Please, (to do) this work now! 5. (to cook) this fish, Victor, and (to serve) it to the guests. 6. It's cold outside. Let's (to put on) our coats. 7. Let them (to do) this themselves. 8. (to pass) me the salt, please. 9. (not/ to let) the boys play with matches. 10. Dear guests, let's (to have) supper now. 11. Let me (to ask) you a question.

Задание 5.9. Переведите на английский язык.

1. Пусть они помогут нам. 2. Давайте пойдем в ресторан сегодня. 3. Не курите здесь! 4. Давайте закажем ужин в этом кафе. 5. Позвольте мне познакомить вас с моим другом. 6. Позвольте мне помочь вам. 7. Давайте встретим наших

гостей в аэропорту. 8. Пусть Виктор сделает эту работу. 9. Пусть они приходят вечером. 10. Давайте пригласим на­ших друзей на обед в воскресенье 11. Дорогие гости, не опаз­дывайте к обеду.

LESSON 6

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

The United States of America is the 4^th largest country in the world after Russia, Canada arid China. It lies in the central part of the North American Continent between the two oceans: the Atlantic Ocean in the East and the Pacific Ocean in the West.

Canada in the North and Mexico in the South are the only countries that have borders with the USA. The total area of the USA is about 9 million square kilometres. The current U.S.A. population is over 310 million people (310,300,000 was in 2010), so the United States has the world's third largest population (after China and India).

As the world's population is approximately 6.8 billion, the current United States population represents 4.5% of the world's population. So, about one in every twenty people on the planet is a resident of the United States of America.

The country is washed by 3 oceans: The Arctic, the Atlantic and the Pacific. The country has many lakes, including the Great Lakes and many rivers, the longest of which are the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Columbia and others. The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Appalachian, the Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada. The highest peak, Mount McKinley, is in Alaska.

The climate conditions are rather various. The country is rich in natural and mineral resources: oil, gas, iron ore, coal and various metals.

The USA is a highly developed industrial and agricultural country. The main industrial branches are aircraft, rocket, automobile, electronics, radio engineering and others. Nowadays the USA is one of the leading powers of the world due to its economic, political and military influence.

The United States of America is a federal state and a parliamentary republic, headed by the President. According to the US Constitution the powers of the Government are divided into 3 branches: legislative (the Congress), executive (the President), and judicial (the Supreme Court). The Congress has two houses — the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the country.

There are two main political parties in the United States: the Democratic Party (their symbol is a donkey), and the Republican Party (their symbol is an elephant). The president is elected for a 4-year term and not more than two times.

ffl СЛОВАРЬ

total area общая площадь

borders границы

Appalachian Аппалачи

Great Lakes Великие озера

Rocky Mountains Скалистые горы

Sierra Nevada Сьерра-Невада

Cordillera Кордильеры

highly developed высокоразвитый

climate conditions климатические условия

branch I'brAntf] ветвь, отрасль (промышленности)

aircraft ['eakraift] авиация

automobile ['o:tamaubi:l| автомобиль

electronics [ilek'troniks] электроника

radio engineering радиотехника

influence влияние

leading ведущий

due to благодаря

military военный

to head возглавлять

parliamentary republic парламентская республика government [gAvanmant] правительство power власть

legislative ['lechjislotivl законодательная judicial Idsu'diJH законодательная executive (ig'zekjutiv] исполнительная donkey I'donki] осел elephant ['enfant] слон symbol символ to elect избирать term |'td:m] срок Senate I'senit] Сенат

House of representatives палата'представителей Supreme Court Верховный суд

Задание 6.1. Напишите рассказ о США используя сле­дующие вопросы.

1. What is the geographical position of United States?

2. What countries have borders with the United States?

3. What are the highest mountains in US?

4. What are the biggest rivers in US?

5. What are the main industrial branches of US economy?

6. What are the biggest cities of the Unites States?

7. What is the political system of United States?

8. What are the three branches of US' government?

^ TEXT 2

WASHINGTON

The capital of the United States of America is Washington. It was named after the first President of the United States - George Washington. It is situated on the Potomac River in the District of Columbia. The district is a piece of land, which does not belong

to any one state but to all the states. The district is named in honour of Christopher Columbus, the discoverer of America.

Washington was founded in 1791 as the capital. It's quite a new city. The population of the city is nearly one million people. Washington is not a very large city, but it is very important as the capital of the USA.

Photo: the Capitol

Photo:Monument to George Washington

Washington has many historical places. The largest and tallest is the Capitol, where the Congress meets. It is a very beautiful building with white marble columns. There is a law in Washington against building structures higher than the Capitol. Not far from the Capitol there is the Library of Congress. It holds five million books.

Photo: the White House

The White House, the residence of the president is the oldest public structure in the capital*and one of the most beautiful. It was built in 1799. It is a two storey white building. Not far from the Capitol is the Washington monument, which looks like a very big pencil. It is 160 metres high and it is empty inside. A special lift brings visitors to the top in 70 seconds, from where they can enjoy the view of the city.

The Jefferson Memorial was built in memory of the third President of the USA Thomas Jefferson, who was also the author of the Declaration of Independence. The Memorial is surrounded by cherry trees.

The Lincoln Memorial is devoted to the memory of the sixteenth President of the USA, the author of the Emancipation Proclamation, which gave freedom to Negro slaves in America.

Ш СЛОВАРЬ

District of Columbia округ Колумбия

named after названный в честь

indication указание

piece of land участок земли

nearly I'niali) около, приблизительно

marble Ima:blJ мраморный

empty I'emptil пустой, полый

two storey двухэтажный

Declaration of Independence Декларация независимости

Задание 6.2. Напишите рассказ о Вашингтоне, используя следующие вопросы.

1. When was Washington D.C. founded?

2. Where is Washington situated?

3. What state does District of Columbia belong to?

4. What are the most important places of interest in Washington?

5. What is the nickname of the Washington memorial?

6. What is the design of Lincoln memorial?

7. What is the population of Washington?

8. Are there any specific laws about the height of the buildings in Washington, D.C?

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NEW YORK

New York is one of the largest cities in the world. It was founded three hundred years ago in the mouth of the Hudson River.

The centre of New York is Manhattan Island. In 1626 it was bought from the Indians for twenty-four dollars. Today Manhattan is the centre of business and commercial life of the country. There are many skyscrapers, banks and offices of American businessmen in Manhattan. Broadway begins here; the Stock Exchange is located here. Not many people live in Manhattan, although the majority work here. Numerous bridges link Manhattan Island with the other parts of New York.

People from almost all parts of the world live New York. It is even called «Modern Babylon*. A lot of immigrants came to the USA from different countries at the beginning of the 20-th century. They entered the USA through New York — the Gateway of America.