ЧАСТИ РЕЧИ 3 страница

АРТИКЛИ

Неопределенный артикль a (an) происходит от числитель­ного one (один), определенный — от указательного местоиме­ния that (тот).

Когда употребляется неопределенный артикль а (ап)?

Неопределенный артикль ставится перед исчисляемыми существительными в единственном числе.

Неопределенный артикль а ставится перед существитель­ными, начинающимися с согласной. Например: This is a banana. This is a dress. This is a coat.

Неопределенный артикль (an) ставится перед существитель­ными, начинающимися с гласной. Например:

77ш ¿5 an apple. This is an egg. This is an ice cream. This is an orange. This is an umbrella.

Неопределенный артикль означает, что мы не знаем этого человека или предмет, или это не важно для нас.

I am a person. Я — человек. (Один из многих людей.)

She is a good doctor. Она — хороший доктор. (Одна из мно­гих хороших докторов.)

That is an airplane. Это — самолет. (Один из многих само­летов.)

/ use a computer to write. Я использую компьютер, чтобы писать. (Один из многих компьютеров.)

Не works in an office. Он работает в офисе. (В одном из многих офисов.)

Не lives in a big house. Он живет в большом доме. (В од­ном из многих больших зданий.)

Упоминая предмет впервые, мы употребляем перед ним неопределенный артикль а (an). Упоминая этот же предмет вторично, мы ставим перед ним определенный артикль the. Например: This is a house. The house is small.

This is a bed. The bed is new. This is a dress. The dress is black.

Неопределенный артикль а употребляется в словосочета­ниях:

once a week — раз в неделю

three times a day — три раза в день

$10 a kilo - десять долларов за килограмм

Неопределенный артикль а необходим в конструкциях:

/ have а

This is а

I am а

I see а

There is а

Не is а

What a good boy! What a fine day!

Когда не употребляется неопределенный артикль?

Неопределенный артикль не употребляется:

а) с неисчисляемыми и «абстрактными» существительными:
/ like coffee and lea.

Friendship is very important in our life;

б) с существительными во множественном числе:
Many hooks are on the table.

в) с именами собственными:
/ told Jane about that.

г) с существительными, перед которыми стоят притяжа-
тельные или указательные местоимения или существительные
в притяжательном падеже:

This car is better than that. My bike is old. Mary's house is new;

д) с существительными, за которыми следует количествен-
ное числительное, обозначающее номер:

Read the text on page eight.

Когда употребляется определенный артикль the?

1. Определенный артикль the употребляется в том случае,
когда мы знаем, о каком предмете идет речь.

This is the house where I live. This is the dress that I bought. This is the bed in my bedroom.

The town where Tom lives is very big.

What book is Julie reading? — She is reading the book Tom gave her.

Take the book, please.

2. Определенный артикль the употребляется:

а) с названиями рек, морей и океанов, горных хребтов, групп островов: the Thames, the Mississippi, the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the British Isles, the Alps, the West Indies;

б) с названиями некоторых стран, областей и городов:
the Ukraine, the Crimea, the Caucasus, the Netherlands, the
Hague I'heigJ Гаага, the Riviera, the Congo;

в) с названиями стран, состоящими из 2 и более слов: the
Russian Federation, the United States of America, the United
Kingdom;

г) перед собирательным именем семьи или нации: The
Petrovs — Петровы, the British — британцы, the Americans —
американцы, the Japanese— японцы;

д) когда речь идет о единственном в своем роде предмете
или явлении: The Sun shines brightly. The Moon is full now. The
sky is blue. • ^

е) когда существительное имеет ограничивающее опреде-
ление, чаще всего с предлогом of: The Bank of England. We
don't know the name of this man; The Kremlin is in the centre of
Moscow.

ж) в словосочетаниях типа:
in the north,

to the west, at the cinema, at the theatre, the same, in the country, the rest of the the radio;

з) с названиями
гостиниц The Ritz,
театров The Royal Theatre,

зданий The Empire State Building, The Tower of London, музеев The Louvre, The Tretiakov Gallery, газет The Washington Post,

организаций The European Union, The Red Cross;

и) если перед существительным стоит прилагательное в
превосходной степени: This is the most interesting book.

Когда не употребляются артикли?

Артикли не употребляются:

1. С абстрактными существительными: / like music. Sugar

is sweet.

2. С именами собственными и географическими названи­ями: Nick, Jane, London, Spain, Moscow.

3. Артикль не нужен в сочетаниях со словами next и last типа:

next week, next year, last month, last Tuesday.

4. С существительными во множественном числе: We are people. They are good doctors. They live in big houses.

5. Перед словами, обозначающими периоды времени: seven o'clock, Friday, September, New Year's Day, 2005, winter.

6. В сочетаниях существительное + номер:
Room 125 (in a hotel),

page 65 (in a book), question 3 (in an exam), Gate 7 (at an airport), Platform 3 (at a railway station).

7. С названиями компаний, авиалиний: Sony, Fiat, British Airways, IBM.

8. Перед названиями многих магазинов, ресторанов, гос­тиниц, банков, названных в честь человека, который их ос­новал: Lloyds Bank, Brown's Restaurant, Macy's, Harrods.

Задание 2.21. Вставьте артикли a, an, the, где необ­ходимо.

1. Tom lives in town.

2. Julie is reading English book.

3. We eat meat with knife and fork.

4. There is boy on bicycle.

5. I know boy with black hair.

6. boys are young men.

7. I have television.

8. television in my house is broken.

9. televisions are very common today.

10. This is key. This is key to my car.

11. keys are for opening locks.

12. train leaves Platform 3 at 6:00.

13. This is key to Room 312.

14. Who is Doctor Johnson?

15. When I was ill I went to see doctor.

16. Do you know Wilsons? They're a very nice couple.

17. Do you know Mr Brown's phone number?

1® Задание 2.22. Вставьте артикли a, an, the, где они

необходимы.

1. This is pencil. Pencil is red. 2. She is teacher. She is our
teacher of English. 3. There are many flowers in your garden,
flowers are beautiful. 4. Did you write plan? Give me your

plan, please. 5. Black Sea is in South of Russia. 6. This is Nick. He works as engineer. He is good engineer. 7. There are some schools in our street, schools are new. 8. In summer sky is blue and sun shines brightly. 9. Petrovs arc very friendly. 10.This is Ann's book. 11. winter begins in December. 12. What fine day it is today! 13. History and Computer Science were my favourite subjects at school. 14. I don't know way to station. 15. Usually I get up at 7 o'clock in morning. 16. Will you have cup of tea? 17. Warsaw is capital of Poland. 18. This is book, book is very interesting. 19. Do you see sun in sky today? 20. I went to Smimovs, but they were not at home.

Задание 2.23. Вставьте артикли, где они необходимы.

1.1 think we must call doctor.

2. Do you know Browns? They live next to us.

3. Peter is tallest in class.

4. There are some beautiful towns in north of Italy.

5. Greece is in south.

6. President is head of state in US.

7. What did you have for dinner?

8. Trafalgar Square is in London.

9. White House is home of President of US.

10. British Museum has some very interesting exhibitions.

11. Take pen and make exercise in written form.

12. Hyde Park is very famous all over world.

13. In spring sky is blue and sun is shining.

14. Do you read Daily Telegraph or Sun?

15. Did you visit Kremlin, too? What city is capital of United States?

16. My son studies at Moscow University.

17. Are you going to theatre tonight?

18. My brother is in hospital, because he needs an operation.

19. I have bought myself Kodak camera.

20. Fiat cars are not very expensive.

Задание 2.24 Выучите названия стран и их столиц.

COUNTRIES AND THEIR CAPITALS СТРАНЫ И ИХ СТОЛИЦЫ

Australia [o'streilja] Австралия. Canberra ['каепЬ(э)гэ] Кан­берра.

Austria [Dstna] Австрия. Vienna [vi'enaj Вена. Belgium ['belcrjam] Бельгия. Brussels ['brAslz] Брюссель. Bulgaria [ЬлГдеэпэ] Болгария. Sofia ['soufjs] София. Canada ['kansdaj Канада. Ottawa fotawa] Оттава. China ['tjama] Китай. Beijing [bef 03113] Пекин. France [fra:ns] Франция. Paris ['paens] Париж. Germany ['crjaimani] Германия. Berlin ['bailm] Берлин. Greece [gri:s] Греция. Athens ['zeOmz] Афины.

Hungary ['плпдэп] Венгрия. Budapest |'bju:d9,pest] Будапешт.

India ['indjsj Индия. Delhi ['deli] Дели.

Italy ['itali] Италия. Rome [roum] Рим.

Japan [азз'раэп] Япония. Tokyo ['tsukjauj Токио.

The Netherlands fnedglandz] Голландия. Amsterdam ['£emst9'd3m] Амстердам.

Poland I'pauland] Польша. Warsaw ['wo:so:] Варшава.

Romania [rD'memjs] Румыния. Bucharest fbjuikarest] Бу­харест.

Sweden ['swi:dn] Швеция. Stockholm ['stokhoum] Стокгольм. Switzerland ['switssland] Швейцария. Bern [Ьэ:п] Берн. Thailand ['tailaend] Таиланд;. Bangkok [bsen'kok] Бангкок. The United States of America. Соединенные Штаты Амери­ки. Washington ['wojintsn] Вашингтон.

Задание 2.25. Вставьте артикли, где они необходимы.

1. ____ River Volga flows into_________ Caspian Sea.

2. ____ UK consists of________.

3. ____ Chicago is on_______ Lake Michigan.

4. ____ Next year we're going skiing in__________ Swiss Alps.

5. ____ Seychelles are a group of__________ islands in_______ Indian

Ocean.

6. _ Africa's______ highest mountain is________ Kilimanjaro.

Задание 2.26. Ответьте на вопросы, выбрав ответ из таблицы. Вставьте артикли, где они необходимы.

Continents	Countries	Oceans	Mountains	Rivers
and seas		and Canals
Africa	Canada	Atlantic Ocean	Alps	Amazon
Asia	Denmark	Indian Ocean	Andes	Danube Don
Australia	Indonesia	Pacific Ocean	Himalayas	Nile Volga
Europe	Sweden	Black Sea	Rockies	Suez Canal
North	Thailand	Mediterranean	Urals	Panama Canal
America		Sea
South	United States	Red Sea
America

1.
Which river flows through Vienna, Budapest and Belgrade?

2. Which river flows through London?

3. Of which country is Bangko'c the capital?

4. Of which country is Stockholm the capital?

5. Of which country is Washington the capital?

6. What joins the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans?

7. Which is the longest river in South America?

8. What do you have to cross to travel from Europe to America?

9. Where is Argentina?

10. What is the name of the sea between Africa and Europe?

11. Which is the smallest continent in the world?

12. Which is the longest river in Africa?

13. What is the name of the mountain range in the west of North America?

14. What is the name of the ocean between North America and Asia?

15. What is the name of the ocean between Africa and Australia?

STUDENTS WORKING DAY

Now I am a first-year student of the University. So, let me describe my usual working day. My lectures begin at nine o'clock and on weekdays I have to get up at seven o'clock. My alarm clock usually wakes me up and my working day begins. I turn on the radio, do my morning exercises, take a shower and brush my teeth. After that I get dressed and comb my hair. Then I have breakfast. I love to listen to the latest news on the radio while I am eating.

I leave the house at ten minutes past eight and walk to the nearest bus stop. I live rather far from the University and it usually takes me about a quarter of an hour to get there by bus. Sometimes when the weather is fine and I have enough time I walk to the University.

As a rule we have four or five lectures a day. We have lectures in different subjects. Usually I don't miss my classes because I want to pass my examinations successfully.

At twelve o'clock we have a big interval for lunch. That's my favourite time. That is the time to share the latest news with my friends. I prefer not to go to the canteen and we often have lunch in a small cafe not too far from the University. At one o'clock we have to be back to our classes. During the working day we also have several short intervals that last for fifteen minutes.

From time to time I have to stay at the University till late in the evening because I go to the ibrary to get ready for my practical

classes or to write an essay report. As a rule I have no free time on weekdays. So by the end of the week I get very tired.

I come home at about 7 o'clock in the evening. My parents are already at home. We have supper together and share the latest news. After supper we wash dishes, drink coffee or tea and watch TV. I prefer old comedies and serials or films about travelling. Sometimes I go for a walk in the park or visit my friends.

At about eleven at night I go to bed. I like to read something before going to bed or to listen to some music. Sometimes I fall asleep while I am reading.

Щ СЛОВАРЬ

to describe [dis'kraib] описывать, рассказывать

weekdays рабочие дни

alarm clock |з'1а:т] будильник

to comb fkoum] hair причесывать волосы

to turn on (off) включать, (выключать)

to get dressed одеваться

successfully Jsak'sesfah] успешно

especially [is'pefali] особенно

to share Цеа] делить(ся)

have to be back должны вернуться

practical classes практические занятия

report [n'pa:tl доклад

canteen [kasn'thn] столовая в школе, институте it takes me... minutes to get to the University by bus — у меня уходит... минут, чтобы добраться до университета на автобусе to miss classes пропускать занятия to pass exams сдать экзамены to do well делать успехи, хорошо учиться to get ready подготовиться as a rule как правило to get tired устать fall asleep засыпать

Задание 3.1. Переведите на английский язык следую­щие слова и словосочетания:

1. я хочу рассказать вам о...

2. быть студентом...

3. по будним дням

4. по рабочим дням

5. просыпаться

6. вставать в 7 часов утра

7. принимать душ

8. чистить зубы

9. одеваться

10. у меня уходит час, чтобЪ1 добраться до...

11. ездить на трамвае (троллейбусе, автобусе)

12. опаздывать на занятия

13. заканчиваться поздно вечером

14. пропускать занятия

15. сдать экзамены успешно

16. время от времени

17. подготовиться к занятиям

18. как правило

19. уставать

20. свободное время

Задание 3.2. Напишите короткий рассказ о своем ти­пичном рабочем дне, ответив на следующие вопросы/

1. When do you usually get up? Do you get up early?

2. Is it easy for you to get up early?

3. Does your alarm clock wake you up or do you wake up yourself?

4. Who usually makes breakfast for you?

5. What do you usually have for breakfast?

6. When do you usually leave your house?

7. How long does it take you to get to your University?

8. Do you go there by bus/trolleybus or walk?

9. How many lectures do you usually have every day?

10. Where do you usually have lunch (dinner)?

11. What time do you come back home?

12. How long does it take you to do your homework?

13. How do you usually spend your evenings?

14. Do you have much free time on weekdays?

15. What time do you usually go to bed?

^ TEXT 2

SCHOOL LIFE OF A 13 YEAR OLD BRITISH BOY

(written by himself)

My School is a mixe& 11-18 school. There are about 1,150 students in my school. It is called a Tec^noLdgy College and specialises in Computers and Math. My school has over 1200 computers (including over 400 tablet PC's). Some subjects are oempMsfcry like Math, English, Science and a foreign language

I am in Year 8 (a year earlier than normal). I will have my GCSE exams next year.

My School Day

I leave home at 6:45 and walk 20 minutes to catch a bus to school. The bus is a special one just for kids going to my school. The journey on the bus takes an hour because it stops to pick up other students along the way.

When I arrive at school, I collect my tablet PC. Then I go to my Tutor Room for Registration at 8:30.

We listen to announcements to see what special things are happening at school today or this week.

At about 8:50 We leave Tutor Room to go to our First Period. Every day in first period I have a different lesson. Normally it is Humanities but I also have Maths, Drama and Music, and French on the other days. Each period lasts an hour.

All my lessons are in different rooms and places around the school. Each Room either has a three digit number or a name. The numbers are very hard to remember! 1 have different teachers for each lesson. I have a locker where I can store some of my stuff but otherwise I have to carry it all around with me in my bag.

Swipe Cards

Every Student carries a swipe card. We swipe into every lesson to let the school know that we have attended that certain lesson and to know where we are in case of emergencies.

On the Swipe Card there are two stripes, a black and a brown. The brown is to swipe into lessons and the black is to get into the toilets and buildings.

We can put money on our Swipe cards instead of carrying cash around. When we want to pay for snacks at the canteen we just hand over our cards and they deduct the money.

What is registration?

The presence of every child attending school each morning and afternoon is recorded in a special book. The teacher reads out each child's name in turn. On hearing his/her name, the child replies ' yes Mrs. (teacher's name)' and the teacher notes down in the book whether the child is in school or not.

Time Table

9:00 1st Period 10:00 2nd Period 11:00-11:20 Break

During break, I have a snack and play and chat with my friends. Usually we play a chasing game. Snowball fight when it snows is a fun.

11:20 3rd Period 12:30 4th Period 1:30 - 2:10 Lunch

/ bring a packed lunch to school but occasionally I have school

dinners in the School Canteen.

2:10 5th Period

3:10 End of School

Sometimes I stay after school for clubs.

Canteen

The Canteen is open at Lunch Time and Break Time. Most hot food is served only at lunch time. Chips are only available on Mondays and Fridays.

Tablet PC

We don't use our tablet PCs in all lessons
because some rooms do not have enough
power sockets. We use the laptops to do our
work and to search the Internet. Our tablet
PCs are connected to a Network so we can
send our work straight to our teachers and
they can send them back with their comments.
Picture of tablet PC Written by Erik

ffl СЛОВАРЬ

mixed school школа для мальчиков и девочек student ученик

Technology College техническая средняя школа math = mathematics математика tablet PC планшетный персональный компьютер compulsory [кэт'рлЬзэп] обязательный

GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) аттестат о сред­нем образовании

presence присутствие in turn по очереди

to reply (ri'plai| отвечать, отзываться announcements (a'naunsmantsl объявления Tutor Room кабинет классного руководителя Humanities |hju'm£enitiz| гуманитарные науки three digit number номер из 3 цифр locker запирающийся шкафчик to store |stD:J хранить stuff вещи, имущество

swipe card карточка-пропуск, (пластиковая карта с магнитной полосой)

hand over передавать, вручать power socket сетевая розетка

emergency (i'maichjansi] экстренный или непредвиденный случай stripe полоска

to hand over передавать (другому)

to deduct [dl'cUkt] удерживать, вычитать

РЕ (Physical Education) физкультура

ICT (Information Computer Technologies) информатика и вычи­слительная техника

chasing game догонялки

1® Задание 3.3. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What kind of school does Eric attend.'

2. What subjects are compulsory?

3. How does he get to school?

4. Why the journey is so long?

5. What is a registration of students?

6. What is a sweep card used for?

7. How can Eric pay for his meals in the canteen?

Задание 3.4. Переведите на русский язык.

At what age do children start school in England?

Children in England and Wales go to school from the age of 5 till 16 years old.

English children enter the reception class (first grade) of primary school in the next term after their fifth birthday. They attend primary

school for seven years, where they study English, Arithmetic, Science, Religious education, History, Geography, music, art and crafts, Physical education, and Information Technology (computers).

In England and Wales a person is no longer of compulsory school age after the last Friday of June of the school year in which their 16th birthday occurs.

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION IN THE UK

By law, all children in England and Wales between ages 5 and 16 must receive an education. In Northern Ireland children go to school at the age of 4. For children under the age of 5, there are nursery schools with a small number of hours each week. In the United Kingdom the education is compulsory, but school is not, children are not required to attend school. They could be educated at home. More than 90% of pupils in the UK attend state schools.

• In England and Wales there are thirty thousand schools and more than eight million (8,000,000) children attend one of them.

• In Scotland more than eight thousand children (8,000) attend about five thousand (5,000) schools, including pre-schools and other special education schools.

• Northern Ireland sends three hundred and fifty (350,000) children to one thousand three hundred (1,300) state schools.

Boys and girls study together at primary schools. Secondary schools may be only for boys and only for girls, or they may be for both girls and boys.

National curriculum in England, Wales and Northern Ireland

Children in the United Kingdom must study to have an education until they are 16 years old. After the age of 16, students can attend sixth form colleges or other further education institutions. Both options offer general education courses in addition to more specific vocational or applied subjects.

The UK introduced a National Curriculum in 1992 and all state schools are required to follow through it until students reach age 16. The National Curriculum core subjects are??the most important subjects of a course of study that all students must do.

National Curriculum cofe subjects are:

Engiisn ^vVelsh in Welsh-speaking schools), Mathematics, and Science.

The basic subjects are:

Design and technology,

Information and communication,

Technology,

History,

Geography,

Modern foreign languages, Music,

Art and design, Physical education.

In addition to these main subjects there are a number of other compulsory courses, such as religious education.

The curriculum in Northern Ireland also includes the Irish language in Irish-speaking schools. ■

After five years of secondary education, students take examinations in a range of subjects at the level of General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE). The GCSE is a single-subject examination set and marked by independent examination boards. Students usually take up to ten (there is no upper or lower limit)

GCSE examinations in different subjects, including mathematics and English language.

After taking GCSEs, students may leave secondary schooling; alternatively, they may choose to continue their education at vocational or technical colleges, or they may take a higher level of secondary school examinations known as AS-Levels after an additional year of study. Following two years of study, students may take A-Level (short for Advanced Level) examinations, which are required for university entrance in the UK.

SCOTLAND

Scotland has its own qualification framework that is separate from that in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. After seven years of primary education and four years of compulsory secondary education, students aged 15 to 16 may take the Scottish Certificate of Education (SCE). The Scottish Certificate of Education is recognized throughout the UK as the equivalent to GCE A-levels and is usually the entry qualification for university.

POST-SECONDARY AND HIGHER EDUCATION

Approximately 1.8 million students are currently enrolled in the UK higher education system. About one third of young people go on to higher education at age 18 and an increasing number of "mature" students are studying either full-time or part-time for university degrees.

Ш СЛОВАРЬ

receive [n'suv] получить

nursery school ['na:san \sku:l| детский сад (для детей от 2 до 5 лет; гос уд арстве н н ы й)

primary school [praim risku:l| государственная общая начальная школа (для детей от 5 до 11 лет в Англии и детей от 5до 12 лет в Шотландии). Включает школу для малышей infant's school и на­чальную школу junior school.

secondary school I'sekandan sku:l) в Великобритании средняя школа (от 11 до 16 или до 18 лет). В США понятие «средняя шко­ла» включает образование с 9 по 12 класс (возраст учеников 14— 17 лет). В эту категорию попадают 4-лстняя средняя школа high school и комбинация старшего класса младшей средней школы junior high school с трехлетней старшей средней школой senior high school.

Science естественные науки

National Curriculum |'пае Jan I ka'nkjulam| национальный учебный план (курс обучения, введенный в 1992 г. во всех государственных школах. Кроме трёх «коренных» предметов: английский язык, математика, наука, включает семь «основных» предметов: исто­рию, географию, технологию, музыку, искусство, физическое воспитание, современный иностранный язык).

core subjects ['кос SAbc&ektsJ реновные учебные предметы

to follow through придерживаться, не отклоняться (от курса)

mature student [ma'{fus] взрослый студент

to enroll вносит в список

Задание 3.5. Ответьте на вопросы.