ЧАСТИ РЕЧИ 4 страница

1. At what age do children go to school in England (in Northern Ireland)?

2. How long does primary school last?

3. What subjects do pupils study at primary school?

4. Do boys and girls study together at primary schools?

5. Till what age mast children in the United Kingdom study?

6. What subjects are called core in the National Curriculum?

7. What subjects are called basic in the National Curriculum?

^ TEXT 4

RUSSIAN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM

Russian educational system is one of the most developed and advanced educational systems in the world. Higher education is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, which is responsible for the accreditation and licensing of higher education establishments. It also is responsible for developing and maintaining State Educational Standards. Only

4. Зак. 400

accredited higher education establishments have the right to issue state diplomas and degrees. Russian diplomas and degrees are covered by international agreements on mutual recognition and validation of educational documents.

HIGHER EDUCATION ESTABLISHMENTS

There are the following types of higher education establishments in the Russian Federation:

1) University is a higher education institution with activities aimed at developing education, science and culture by performing fundamental scientific research and training at the levels of higher, post-higher and further education within a wide range of Natural Sciences, Humanities and other directions of science, technology and culture.

2) Academy is a higher education institution aimed at developing education, science and culture by performing fundamental scientific research and training at all the levels of higher, post-higher and further education, mainly in one specific area of science, technology and culture.

3) Institute is an independent higher education institution or a part (structural unit) of the University, and Academy that applies vocational educational curricula in specific areas of science, technology, culture and is involved in scientific research.

ACADEMIC YEAR & EXAMS

Academic year starts on the first of September and ends at the end of spring semester. Semester is a study period of 16 weeks in autumn term and a study period of 15—16 weeks in spring term during which a course is taught. Each semester ends with one assessment week during which students take course tests and present assignment work and defend course projects.

Exam session: two or three week period is set aside each semester for examinations and completion of final assessments.

SYSTEM OF EVALUATION

The present system of evaluation of students in Russia has four grades:

„2" —..unsatisfactory"

„3" —..satisfactory"

„4"-„good"

„5" — excellent"

LEVELS OF HIGHER EDUCATION

There are three levels of higher education:

1. Incomplete higher education lasts within 2 years.

2. Basic higher education (Bachelor degree) lasts within 4 years. This is equivalent to the B.Sc. degree in the US or Western Europe.

3. Postgraduate higher education. After graduating from Bachelor degree programme students are admitted to enter the Specialist Diploma (1 year) and Magistr's (Master's) degree (2 years) programmes.

Academic degrees: Kandidat Nauk degree (the first level, equivalent to Ph.D.) and Doktor Nauk degree (the second, highest level, equivalent to German Habilitand).

BOLOGNA PROCESS IN RUSSIA

Bologna process is the creation of the European Higher Education Area. The main objectives of the Bologna declaration are to increase the mobility and employability of European higher education graduates thus ensuring competitiveness of European higher education on the world scale. The Russian Federation joined Bologna process in 2003.

Basic characteristics of Bologna process:

— 3 cycled system of higher education (Bachelor's Degree, Master's Degree, Doctor's Degree).

— usage of a credit system (ECTS).

— mobility of students and staff around the European Higher Education Area.

—
thejoint European Diploma Supplement

— Quality control of higher education.

— creation of the European Higher Education Area.

Задание 3.6. Прочитайте следующие слова и найдите их русские эквиваленты.

football	mango
pajamas	pension
r J baseball	pasta
cricket	medicine
bionics	narcotic
solf	spirit
basketball	champion
automobile	Olympics
computer	dealer
disk	manager
spam	supermarket
cybernetics	tunnel
genetics	melioration
sushi	dictator
khaki	organization

^ Задание 3.7. Перепишите интернационализмы с фоне­тической транскрипцией и переводом на русский.

Academy	Hotel	Shock
Aimort	International	Stress
Automobile	Internet	Studio
Centre (Center)	Microscope	Taboo
Chocolate	OK	Taxi
Computer	Police	Telescope
Desien	Politics	Tennis
L/ Ч/ЛЬ * ■ Dictator	Psychology	Tomahawk
Doctor	Radio	Tsunami
1_/Uvlvl Hospital	Sauna

Задание 3.8. Найдите пары слов, имеющих противопо­ложные значения.

1.	to close	a.	to finish
2.	after	b.	north
3.	here	c.	last
4.	first	d.	before
5.	evening	e.	yesterday
6.	much	f.	to give
7.	tomorrow	g.	old
8.	bad	h.	there
9.	to begin	. J i-	morning
10.	to take	J-	good
11.	south	k.	many
12.	white	1.	little
13.	to ask	m. to open
14.	few	n.	black
15.	new	0.	to answer

Задание 3.9. Найдите в каждом ряду слово, не подхо­дящее по смыслу.

1. Tuesday, Thursday, Wednesday, August, Sunday

2. train, car, river, tram, bus

3. student, professor, lecture, hospital, examination

4. man, woman, girl, postman, boy

5. week, year, yesterday, month, day

6. wide, green, brown, white, black

7. February, November, March, Monday, July

8. winter, summer, year, autumn, spring

10. hand, head, leg, arm, foot, shoe

11. driver, doctor, teacher, corner, engineer

12. Moscow, Tver', Paris, Samara, Volgograd

Задание 3.10. Найдите в каждом ряду слово, общее по

смыслу.

1. school, education, institute, college, university

2. teacher, lesson, exercise, pupil, school

3. meals, supper, dinner, lunch, breakfast

4. car, bus, tram, vehicle, lorry

5. summer, season, winter, spring, autumn

6. seven, eleven, number, one, eight

7. chair, bed. sofa, table, furniture

8. monitor, mouse, computer, programme, scanner

9. snow, ice, water, rain, fog

10. second, minute, hour, time, day

11. daughter, son, family, father, mother

12. wall, roof, floor, house, door

Глагол to be

Глагол to be означает «быть», «являться». I am a student. Я студент. He is a doctor. Он — врач.

Глагол to be означает также «быть», «находиться где-то». / am at the Institute. Я в институте. Не is at the hospital. Он в больнице.

Спряжение глагола ТО BE

Число	Утверждение	Вопрос	Отрицание
Настоящее время (Present Simple)
Ед. ч.	I am.	Ami?	I am not.
	You are.	Are you?	You are not.
	Не (she. it) is.	Is he (she, it)?	He (she, it) is not.
Мн. ч.	Wc (you, they) are.	Are we (you, they)?	Wc (you, they) arc not.

Число Утверждение Вопрос Отрицание
Прошедшее время (Past Inde	finite)
l-'л ч	I (he. she, it) was. You were.	Was 1 (he. she, it)? Were you?	1 (he, she, it) was not. You were not.
Мн.ч	Wc (you, they) were.	Were we (you, they)?	Wc (you, they) were not.
Будущее время (Future Indefinite)
Ед. ч	1 shall be. You (he, she, it) will be.	Shall I be? Will you (he, she, it) be?	1 shall not be. You (he, she, it) will not be
Мн. ч	We shall be You (they) will be.	Shall wc be? Will you (they) be?	We shall not be You (they) will not be.

^» Задание 3.11. Вставьте нужную форму глагола to be.

1. Не... born in 1998. 2. We... students now. 3. We... good friends in our group. 4. It... an interesting book. 5. Who... absent today? 6. He... a student. 7. What... he? — He... a doctor? 8. These... my pencils. 9. Where... this book? — It... on the table. 10. What... their names? 11. Mary... a girl. 12. Who... he? 13. What... you? 14. This man... in the room. 15. How... she? 16. How... you? - I... fine. 17. How... your friend? 18.... he your son? 19. Tomorrow we... at home. 20.... you a sportsman? 21. There... no book on the table. 22. It... my parents' car. 23. There... 20 students in our group now.

Задание 3.12. Вставьте нужную форму глагола to be.

1. Mathematics... very difficult.

2. Our football team... winners.

3. There... many birds in the tree.

4. The dishes... on the table.

5. My teeth... white.

6. How many students... there in your group?

7.... my shirts washed yet?

8. Not many cities... as big as Moscow.

9. There... many problems in these exercises. 10. There... two libraries in our University.

Глагол to have

Глагол to have означает «иметь», «обладать» и переводится на русский язык «у меня (тебя и т.д.) есть».

Вопросительная форма образуется постановкой глагола-ска­зуемого перед подлежащим или с помощью вспомогательного глагола do: Have you a pen? или Do you have you a pen?

В отрицательных предложениях ставится отрицательное местоимение по. I have по watch. Не has по books.WOA Не doesn't have books.

В кратких отрицательных ответах после глагола have следу­ет отрицание not. I have not или (в разговорной речи) /haven't, he has not или he hasn't.

Спряжение глагола TO HA VE

ЕДИНСТВЕННОЕ ЧИСЛО
	утверждение	отрицание	вопрос
1 лицо	I have	I have no...	have I?
2 лицо	you have	you have no...	have you?
3 лицо	he/she/it has	he/she/it has no...	has hc/she/it?
МНОЖЕСТВЕННОЕ ЧИСЛО
1 лицо	we have	we have no...	have we?
2 лицо	you have	you have no...	have you?
3 лицо	2.------------------ --------------------- they have	jfc- they have no...	have they?

Задание ЗЛЗ. Вставьте глаголы to be или to have в нужной форме:

1. We do not... any questions. 2. He... born in 1989. 3. We... a lot of rooms in our hotel. 4. It... an interesting film. 5. Who... any ideas? 6. He... a student five years ago. 7. What... he now? 8.... you got enough money about you? 9. These... my guests. 10. Where... the key to my room? — It... on the table. 11. What do you... for breakfast? 12. Mary...

a manager in three years. 13. Who... a pen? 14. He... a student, not he? 15. This man... in the next room. 16. What... the price? 17. How... you? I... fine. 18. How... your friend? 19.... he any children? 20. Tomorrow we... a meeting at the conference hall. 21.... you a sportsman? 22. They... no time to lay the table. 23. Cars... four wheels. 24. There... 25 suites in our hotel now.

Оборот there is / there are

Оборот there is/there are служит для выражения наличия или отсутствия какого-либо предмета в определенном месте или в определенное время. Перевод предложения с таким оборотом нужно начинать с обстоятельства места, а если его нет, то со сказуемого.

There's a new restaurant in Queen Street. На Куин-стрит есть новый ресторан.

Will there be many people at the party? На вечеринке будет много людей?

Is there a flight to Paris this evening? Сегодня вечером есть авиарейс до Парижа?

There was a lot of traffic in Tverskaya Street. На Тверской было большое движение транспорта.

Present Indefinite

There is a picture on the wall. На стене картина.

Is there a picture on the wall? На стене есть картина?

There are pictures on the wall. На стене картины.

Are there pictures on the wall? На стене есть картины?

Past Indefinite

There was a picture on the wall. На стене была картина.

Was there a picture on the wall? На стене была картина?

There were pictures on the wall. На стене были картины.

Were there pictures on the wall? На стене были картины?

Future Indefinite

There will be pictures on the wall. На стене будут картины. Will there be pictures on the wall? На стене будут картины?

Выбор формы глагола to be зависит от числа существитель­ного, следующего сразу за ним:

There is a chair and two armchairs in the room.

There are two armchairs and a chair in the room.

Вопросительные предложения с оборотом there is/there are строятся следующим образом/

Общий вопрос: Is there anything in the bag? Will there be lessons

tomorrow?

Специальный вопрос: What is there in the bag? Разделительный вопрос. There are some pupils in the classroom, aren't there?

Задание 3.14. Вставьте to be в нужной форме.

1. There... a new cloth on the table.

2. There... much work last week.

3.... there any telegrams from Moscow? Yes, there... some.

4.... there... a flight for Moscow tomorrow? Yes, there....

5. There... much snow last winter.

6. There... a lot of stars and planets in space.

7.... there... a lift in your future house? Yes, there....

8. Some years ago there... many old houses in our street.

9. There many large cities in our country.

10.... there a lamp over the table? Yes, there....

11. There... 7 days in a week.

12. There... many places of interest in London.

13. Soon there.............. a new film on.

14. There............ no books on the table.

15. There 4 seasons in a year.

16. When I came into the room there... nobody there.

17. There............ a conference next week.

18.... there anything tasty for dessert?

19. Recently.... a big rise in the cost of living.

Я& Задание 3.15. Напишите следующие предложения в про­шедшем и будущем временах.

1. There is much snow in winter. 2. There are 5 theatres in our city. 3. There is no lift in our house. 4. There are many new books in our library. 5. There is little milk in the bottle. 6. There are 3 rooms in our flat. 7. There is a map on the wall.

1®* Задание 3.16. Переведите на английский язык, исполь­зуя оборот there is/there are.,

1. Недалеко от моего дома есгь хорошее касре.

2. В этом кафе хорошие и недорогие обеды.

3. В кафе обычно много посетителей.

4. В меню обычно много разных блюд.

5. На каждом столе есть меню.

6. На тарелке есть салфетка.

7. Есть кто-нибудь здесь?

8. На столе есть что-нибудь? — Нет, там ничего нет.

9. На столе есть какая-нибудь посуда? — Да, там есть не­сколько тарелок и стаканов.

10. В комнате есть какая-нибудь мебель? — Нет, там ниче­го нет.

Задание 3.17. Закончите предложения. Вставьте there is, there are, there was, there will be, there would be.

1. The journey took a long time.... a lot of traffic.

2. "... a new restaurant nearby? " — "Yes... a restaurant at the corner. "

3. "... a bookshop near here?" — "Yes,... one in Hill
Street."

4. When we got to the cinema,... a queue outside.

5. A few days ago... a storm.

6.... nothing interesting on television, so I turned it off.

7.... an accident in King Street yesterday.

8. If people drove more carefully,... fewer accidents.
9 "Do we have any eggs?" - "... some in the fridge."

10. I think everything will be OK. I don't think... any problems

11. Look at the sky.... a storm.

12. "Is there a school in this village?" - "Not now.... one

but it closed."

13. I think... a speed limit on this road.

LESSON 4

MOSCOW

^TEXTl

MOSCOW, THE CAPITAL OF RUSSIA

Moscow is located in the middle of the East European Plain. It lies at a height of 30—35 meters above the Moskva River and about 150 meters above sea level. Moscow occupies more than 1,000 square kilometers. The boundary of the city is the Moscow Ring Road, which is situated at 15-17 kilometers from the city center. The city extends for 42 kilometers from the North to the South and for 35 kilometers from the East to the West. More than 10 million people are now living in Moscow.

Moscow is a separate subject of the Russian Federation. It is governed by a mayor and by a 35-member Duma (assembly). As the capital of Russia, Moscow is the seat of the national government. The Kremlin palaces house the majority of offices. The prime minister's offices occupy the House of Government of the Russian Federation, usually known as the White House.

The first wooden fortress (The Kremlin) was built by order of Prince Yuri Dolgoruky on a hill near the Moskva and the Neglinnaya rivers. The date of Moscow's founding was April 4, 1147, when Moscow was first mentioned in Russian chronicles. The Kremlin now is Moscow's geographical, historical and political centre.

The official symbol of Moscow is a dark-red shield, where an ancient Old-Russian subject is depicted: St. George fighting down the Serpent.

Moscow carries out trading communications with about 200 countries. More than 2,500 foreign companies are registered and more than 7 thousand enterprises deal with the foreign capital. About 100 international exhibitions and fairs take place in Moscow every year.

The climate in Moscow is temperate continental. It is mainly characterized by hot summers and very cold winters. The amplitude in annual temperature range is 28 C. The cold period starts in October and ends in April. Snow falls in November and stays till March. The warm weather comes in June and stays till September.

The Kremlin, the Red Square, the Tretyakov Gallery, the Bolshoi Theater, Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, Armory, Novodevichy Convent, St. Basil Cathedral, Arbat Street attract numerous tourists.

^ Questions

1. Where is Moscow located?

2. How many people are now living in Moscow?

3. When was Moscow founded?

4. Who founded Moscow?

5. What is the official symbol of Moscow?

6. What is the climate in Moscow?

7. What are the famous places of interest in Moscow?

^5TEXT 2

SIGHTSEEING IN MOSCOW The Kremlin

by thick brick walls in the center of Moscow. The Kremlin (which means fortress) was first built in the 12th century from wood. Then during the 15th century it was expanded by Tsar Ivan III (Ivan the Great). His architects designed the magnificent Cathedral of the Assumption and the Faceted Palace.

Today the Kremlin is home to the Russian President and his administration. Many buildings in the Kremlin are open to the tourists.

At the Kremlin you can see the Tsar Bell and the Tsar Cannon and visit Annunciation (Blagoveschensky), Archangel (Arkhange|sky) and Assumption (Voznesensky) Cathedrals, the Bell -Tower of Ivan the Great and the Church of the Twelve Apostles — the wonderful monuments of Russian church architecture with unique richly decorated interiors.

The interior of the Cathedral of the Annunciation is painted with beautiful frescoes first done by the Russian artist

Feodosy in 1508. The iconostasis of the Cathedral is considered to be the finest in all Russia.

The walls of the Cathedral of the Archangel are covered in frescoes showing the Russian history. All Russian Tsars were buried in the

The Kremlin is the historical centre of the city, the heart of Moscow. This is one of the most famous museums of the world, which attracts a lot of tourists from all over the world. The Kremlin is located on a hill washed from one side by the Moscow River. The Kremlin is a triangular citadel surrounded

Cathedral of the Archangel until 1712 when the capital was moved to St. Petersburg. There are forty-six tombs in this cathedral and among them the tombs of Ivan the Terrible and his young son Dmitry. Tsar Cannon is the largest of its kind in the world, with a barrel in excess of five-metres long, weighing over 40 tons and the Tsar Bell, is also the largest in the world. Interestingly, both the cannon & bell have never been used.

The Red Square has always been the main square in Moscow. Here the magnificent cathedrals were built. One of them is St. Basil's Cathedral. The cathedral was built in the 16th century by decree of Ivan the Terrible in honor of the victory over the Mongols at Kazan. It was built on the grave of Basil who was a 'Fool- for- Christ' and was much respected in Moscow at that time. St. Basil's cathedral is unique among Moscow's churches.

Photo of the Ivan the Great Bell Tower at the Kremlin in Moscow.

Today, the Red square is the centre of Moscow's cultural events, from concerts to military parades.

Armoury

The world-famous Armoury is one of the oldest museums of Russia. There one can see the collection of Russian, Eastern, and Western art works of the V-XX centuries, the Tsar's thrones, garments and weapons, the unique silver and golden dishes. The Tsars's regalia [n'geilid] регалии (корона, ски­петр и т.п.), the coaches of different centuries, the collection of arms tell about the life of their owners. The Armoury was a depository of Tsar's treasures and was first mentioned in chronicles at the beginning of the 16th century. Nowadays the collection of the museum has over four thousand items.

Novodevichy Convent

Novodevichy Convent is one of the most famous historical places of interest in Moscow of the 16th century. This architectural ensemble was completed at the end of the 17th century and till now

remains one of the best of Russia. The territory of the Novodevichy Convent is also a cemetery divided into "old" and "new". The "old" cemetery is situated on the territory of the convent itself. It is a burial place for the daughter of Ivan the Terrible, sisters of Peter the First, the heroes of the patriotic war of 1812, prominent writers, philosophers, and poets. The "new" cemetery is situated on the south side of the convent. Chekhov, Gogol, Bulgakov, the wives of Stalin and Nikita Khrushchev were buried on the grounds of the new cemetery.

The State Tretiakov Gallery is the national treasury of Russian fine art and one of the greatest museums in the world. It was formed in 1856 and named after its founder, Pavel Tretiakov, who donated his private collection to the City of Moscow in 1892. The main building of the museum is located not far from the Kremlin. The collection consists of about 125,000 works of art. Among the items are the unique examples of ancient Russian icons, including the outstanding icons painted by Andrei Rublev, Dionissus and Simon Ushakov. There are a lot of works of painters of XI11-XIX c.

The Pushkin Museum is one of the major art museums in Russia. The collection holds more than half a million items from different epochs. Among them there is a unique collection of plaster copies of famous works of sculpture from the Antiquity, the Middle Ages and The Renaissance. The collection of the museum contains art works of great artists from Italy, Holland, Flanders, Spain, England, France and Germany. There is a world famous collection of French paintings from the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century, which contains major works by Monet, Renoir, Degas, Gauguin, Van Gogh, Cezanne, Matisse and Picasso from the collection of Moscow's legendary art patrons.

Задание 4.1. Напишите краткий рассказ о Москве. (О своем родном городе).

СТЕПЕНИ СРАВНЕНИЯ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫХ И НАРЕЧИЙ

Прилагательные и наречия имеют три (рормы степеней срав­нения:

положительную {positive degree); сравнительную (comparative degree); превосходную {superlative degree).

The first bag. This bag is small. This bag is the smallest bag.

Прилагательные big/small '

The second bag.

The third bag. This bag is the biggest bag.

This bag is bigger than the first bag, but smaller than the third bag.