ЧАСТИ РЕЧИ 5 страница

Наречия fast/slow

Cheetahs run fast. Г^Г Snails crawl slowly.

Hedgehogs walk slowly.

Сравнительная степень

Cheetahs run faster than hedgehogs. Hedgehogs walk more slowly than cheetahs. Snails crawl more slowly than hedgehogs.

Превосходная степень Cheetahs move the fastest. Snails move the slowest.

Образование сравнительной и превосходной степеней прилагательных

Сравнительная Превосходная

Односложные

прилагательные: long longer than the longest

(добавляется -er) nice nicer than the nicest

more famous than he most famous less interesting than the most interesting more practical than the most practical

hot hotter than the hottest

Два или более слога: famous

(добавляется interesting

Двусложные на -v: funny funnier than (-у меняется на -ier easy easier than и -est) happy happier than

more — более practical
или less — менее)

the funniest the easiest the happiest

Исключения при образовании степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий

Положительная степень	Сравнительная степень	Превосходная степень
good (хороший)	better (лучше)	the best (самый лучший, лучше всего)
bad (плохой)	worse (более плохой, хуже)	the worst (самый плохой, худший)

Положительная степень	Сравнительная степень	Превосходная степень
little (маленький)	less (меньше, меньший)	the least (самый маленький)
many, much (много)	тоге (больше)	most (больше всего, самый большой)
far (далекий) far(далеко)	farther(более далекий) further (дальше)	the farthest (самый далекий) the furthest (дальше всего)

Примечание. Прилагательные, оканчивающиеся на соглас­ную, удваивают ее: big — bigger — the biggest.

Прилагательные в сравнительной степени используются для сравнения предметов или людей друг с другом. Прилагатель­ные в превосходной степени используются для сравнения од­ного члена группы со всей группой.

Например:

The Amazon river is longer than the Mississippi. Амазонка длин­ней, чем Миссисипи.

The Nile is the longest river in the world. Нил — самая длинная река в мире.

Существительное, определяемое прилагательным в превос­ходной степени, всегда имеет определенный артикль the.

Некоторые двусложные прилагательные, оканчивающиеся на -у, -ег, -ow образуют степени сравнения так же, как и односложные, с помощью суффиксов -ег и -est.

easy легкий

easier более легкий, легче

the easiest самый легкий, легчайший

clever умный

cleverer более умный, умнее

the cleverest самый умный, умнейший

as... as not so... as not such (a)... as twice as much as three times as long as three times as high as ten times as much as half as much/many half the size/the weight

half the length much better/worse much more/less the... the

такой же..., как не такой..., как не такой, как в два раза больше в три раза длиннее, чем в три раза выше, чем в десять раз больше вдвое меньше

в два раза меньше по размеру/ по весу

в два раза меньше по длине намного лучше/хуже гораздо больше/меньше чем тем...

Наречия времени:

now — сейчас, теперь

before — до, перед, прежде

ever — когда-либо

never — никогда

always — всегда

often — часто

usually — обычно

seldom — редко

still — все еще

already — уже

just — только что, только

yet — еще, уже

sometimes — иногда

today — сегодня

tomorrow — завтра

yesterday — вчера

recently — недавно

lately — в последнее время

commonly — обычно

Наречия образа действия:

slowly — медленно quickly — быстро easily — легко calmly — спокойно brightly — ярко hardly — с трудом, едва

Наречия меры и степени:

much — много, сильно little — немного, мало enough — достаточно too — слишком almost — уже, почти very — очень

^'Задание 4.2. Образуйте сравнительную и превосходную степени от следующих прилагательных и наречий.

1. large, tall, long, easy, hot, big, cold, nice, bad, strong, short, wide, good, happy, high, low, busy, well, little, many, far

2. wonderful, necessary, quickly, interesting, comfortably, popular, active, famous, pleasant, beautiful, slowly, clearly,

"^Задание 4.3. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. This book is not so interesting as that one. 2. The Baltic Sea is not so warm as the Black Sea. 3. The more you read, the more you know. 4. My brother is not as tall as you are. 5. The earlier you get up, the more you can do. 6. Today the wind is as strong as it was yesterday. 7. Your room is as light as mine. 8. John knows Russian as well as English. 9. Mary is not so lazy as her brother. 10. The longer the night is, the shorter the day.

^^Задание 4.4. Раскройте скобки, употребив нужную сте­пень сравнения прилагательного/наречия.

1. Winter is (cold) season of the year. 2. Moscow is (large) than St.Petersburg. 3. Which is (long) day of the year? 4. The Alps are (high) mountains in Europe. 5. Even (long) day has an end. 6. It is one of (important) questions of our conference. 7. Your English is (good) now. 8. Who knows him (well) than you? 9. We have (little) interest in this work than you. 10. Health is (good) than wealth. 11. He worked (well) of all. 12. Today he worked (slowly) than usually.

Задание 4.5. Поставьте прилагательные в скобках в нужную форму.

1. Winter is (cold) season.

2. Moscow is (old) than St. Petersburg.

3. What is (short) month in the year?

4. It was (bad) mistake I've ever made.

5. In summer the days are (long) than in winter.

6. It is (cold) today than it was yesterday.

7. The Russian grammar is (difficult) than the English one.

8. It was (good) film I've ever seen.

9. Steel is (strong) than wood.

10. Your house is not so (new) as mine.

Задание 4.6. Переведите предложения на английский

язык.

1. Эта книга не так интересна, как та. 2. Балтийское море не такое теплое, как Черное море. 3. Чем больше вы читае­те, тем больше вы знаете. 4. Этот дом в три раза выше, чем тот. 5. Чем раньше вы встаете, тем больше вы можете сде­лать. 6. Сегодня погода такая же хорошая, как вчера. 7. Ваша комната такая же светлая, как и моя. 8. Джон знает русский язык так же, как и английский язык. 9. Английская грамма­тика не такая трудная, как русская. 10. Чем длиннее ночь, тем короче день. 11. Этот камень в два раза меньше по разме­ру, чем тот. 12. Они заплатили ему в два раза меньше, чем он ожидал.

СИНОНИМЫ И АНТОНИМЫ

Прилагательное alive живой ancient древний bad плохой beautiful красивый big большой bright яркий

Синонимами называются слова, имеющие одинаковое или близкое значение. Например: road — way путь, дорога. Ан­тонимами называются слова, имеющие противоположное зна­чение.

Антоним

dead мертвый modern современный good хороший ugly уродливый small маленький dark темный

broad широкий	narrow узкий
clean чистый	dirty грязный
clever умный	stupid глупый
closed закрытый	open открытый
cold холодный	hot горячий
cool прохладный	warm теплый
kind добрый	cruel жестокий
deep глубокий	shallow мелкий
difficult трудный	easy легкий
dry сухой	wet мокрый
early ранний	late поздний
fast быстрый	slow медленный
happy счастливый	sad печальный
hard твердый	soft мягкий
heavy тяжелый	light легкий
high высокий	low низкий
left правый	right левый
long длинный	short короткий
narrow узкий	wide широкий
old (люди) старый	young молодой
old (предметы) старый	new новый
poor бедный	rich богатый
quiet тихий	noisy шумный
short (предметы) короткий	long длинный
short (люди) невысокий	tall высокий
strong сильный	weak слабый
thin (люди) худой	fat толстый
thin (предметы) тонкий	thick толстый

НАРЕЧИЯ

Наречия показывают, КАК происходит действие. Боль­шинство наречий образуются от прилагательных путем добав­ления окончания -1у: slow медленный — slowly медленно quick быстрый — quickly быстро

Если прилагательные оканчиваются на -у, -е, -ic, то наре­чия образуются следующим образом: happy — happily

humble скромный — humbly скромно

historic исторический — historically исторически

Исключения:

good хороший — well хорошо hard трудный — hard трудно fast быстрый — fast быстро

Примечание. Следующие слова, хотя и оканчиваются на -1у, являются не наречиями, а прилагательными: friendly дру­желюбный, early ранний, lively живой, lonely одинокий, lovely прекрасный, silly глупый, ugly уродливый.

LESSON 5

same state, the United Kingdom. The UK actually consists of 4 countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIES

THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND

Countries within a Country

The official name of Great Britain is The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. But it is often called in many ways. It can be called the United Kingdom, or the British Isles, or Great Britain. But what are the British Isles? And what is the difference between Great Britain and the United Kingdom? Why is England or the UK sometimes called Britain? The name United Kingdom refers to the union of what were once four separate countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland (though most of Ireland is now independent).

The British Isles is a group of islands not far from the north coast of the main European continent. You can see the main islands of the British Isles in the picture. The two largest islands are called Great Britain and Ireland, and there are also about six thousand smaller islands as well. There are three countries on the largest island, Great Britain, — England, Scotland and Wales. These 3 countries have separate parliaments, although they are a part of the

The different history of England, Scotland and Wales has led to very different cultural traditions; The Scots and Welsh have right to feel angry when the term "English" is used wrongly, to mean all three.

Scotland was a totally separate country from England, but in 1707 England and Scotland were united as one country. Since 1997, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have had their own parliaments.

The second largest island in the British Isles is called Ireland. The native language of Ireland is Eire. This is where the name Ireland comes from. Ireland is divided into 2 countries. The Republic of Ireland, in the south, is now completely separate from the United Kingdom, but a small area in the North of Ireland is still a part of the UK. That is why the full title of the UK is "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland."

Many of the countries in the British Isles have their own languages, absolutely unrelated to English. In many cases native languages are spoken by only a small number of people, but in Wales the Welsh language is still the first language. In some parts of North Wales English is learned as a foreign language! Some of the islands in the British Isles, such as the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands, have their own laws, taxation and government. They also have their own flags and are politically separate from the UK and the Republic of Ireland.

Ш СЛОВАРЬ

to prosper ['prospa] процветать coast (kaustl морское побережье main [mem] главный, основной separate [sep(a)nt] отдельный

completely Ikam'plithj полностью, совершенно, совсем area ['еэпз| площадь, территория native language родной язык Welsh language валлийский язык

Channel Islands Нормандские острова (в проливе Ла-Манш, в составе Великобритании) Isle of Man остров Мэн (в Ирландском морс, в составе Великобритании)

taxation [tak'seij(s)n] налогообложение

55TEXT 2

WHY LEARN ENGLISH? ENGLISH AROUND THE WORLD

I Black colour: Countries where English is an official or national HH language.

| Light grey colour: Countries where English is spoken as official i-t. ■ or non-official language.

Approximately 375 million people in the world speak English as their first language. By number of native speakers it is the largest language after Mandarin Chinese. However, when combining native and non-native speakers, English is the most commonly spoken language in the world. It is claimed that non-native speakers now outnumber native speakers by a ratio of three to one.

Modern English is sometimes called the first world language. Why is it so? The answers are:

1. Now English is the international language in communications, science, business, aviation, entertainment, radio and diplomacy.

2. Most pages on the Internet are in English. Over 95 per cent of scientific articles are written in English.

3.
You can travel more easily because English is spoken in more than 100 countries.

4. Nowadays, English is commonly required for many jobs. Knowledge of English may help you to get the job you wanted!

5. About one and a half billion people around the world speak English and another billion people are learning it.

^ Задание 5.1. Напишите краткий рассказ о пользе изу­чения андийского языка.

^ ТЕХТЗ

THE STORY OF THE UNION JACK

The British flag, like the flag of any country, is a symbol of a nation. All flags have their history, and the Union Jack tells us about the history of the United Kingdom (the UK). The flag has quite an unusual design. In fact, it is a combination of three flags — the flags of England, Scotland and Ireland.

Saint George's Cross, a red cross on a white background. You can see both flags in the picture.

So, in 1606, the problem was solved by combining the two flags. The new flag was called

The "Union Flag". You can see the new flag in the picture.

In 1707, the Act of Union was passed by Parliament, and this Act of Union officially joined England and Scotland together, creating a single kingdom with»a single Parliament called "The United Kingdom of Great Britain".

Then, nearly one hundred years later, in 1801, Ireland was united with Great Britain. A new flag that included an Irish symbol was needed! The cross of Saint Patrick, the patron Saint of Ireland, is a red diagonal cross on a white background. You can see it in the picture.

In

But when and why were these three flags combined?

After the Queen of England Elizabeth the First (Elizabeth I) died in 1603, King James the Sixth of Scotland (James VI), who was Elizabeth's nearest living relative, also became King James the First (James I) of England. So England and Scotland both had the same king. James called his new kingdom 'Great Britain'.

But there was a problem — which flag should they use? All ships carried a national flag, and the English sailors did not want to show the Scottish flag. The Scottish sailors didn't want the English one. The Scottish flag was the Saint Andrew's cross, a white diagonal cross on a blue background. The English flag was the

This flag was combined with the Union Flag of Saint George and Saint Andrew to create the flag that we know today. Its official name is the Union Flag, but it is usually called "The Union Jack" because the sailors called it so!

So, UK has one flag now. But, at the football World Cup in South Africa, English fans still waved the English flag of St George when they supported the England team. And of course, at a Scottish match, you'll see the flag of St Andrew. Ireland also has a new flag now.

СЛОВАРЬ

Union Jack «Юнион Джек» (государственный флаг Великобри­тании)

relative I'relativ] родственник

Act of Union ['aektav'jumjan] Акт об унии (1707 — англо-шотлан­дской и 1801 — англо-ирландской) sailor |'seila] матрос, моряк diagonal ^аГазд(э)п(э)1] диагональный background fbaekgraund] фон

Щ TEXT 4

THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Juki. FrWan*

Modirn

English

LMin, Or***,

Combh. отпять Manx ———'
UMBCt 55 вс-ШЛО _4M Щ-IW 1M ШШ

Britain is a small island and over the centuries it has been invaded many times. The earliest inhabitants were the Celts. They occupied Britain for possibly 1000 years, but then the Romans invaded in about 55 BC. The Romans, of course, spoke Latin, and as they brought Christianity to Britain, Latin was the language of the church, and therefore of all writing at that time - only the monks learned to write! But Latin did not stay as a spoken language after the Romans left in 400 AD.

The real origins of English come from the languages spoken by the tribes that invaded in "the Dark Ages" about 450 AD, They were the Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians, often known as the Anglo-Saxons, who came from Denmark, Holland and Northern Germany. In fact, even the word "English" comes from the name of their language - "Englisc", and the name "England" comes from "Angle Land". The Anglo-Saxon languages gave English its shorter, informal words. Then more short, simple words were brought by the Vikings, who invaded from Denmark, Norway and Sweden between the years 789 and 1069.

But where did all the longer, more complex words come from? When the Normans (William the Conqueror) invaded Britain from northern France in 1066, they brought the French language, which had its origins in Latin (because the French were ruled by the Romans for so long). French words were much more complex than English words. They had more syllables and could be changed according to their usage in a sentence. The French language became the language of the Royal Court, and therefore also of the ruling and business classes. Latin was still the language of the church and English was the language of the common, uneducated man.

So, the Anglo-Saxon, Viking, Latin and Norman French languages are the main ingredients of modern English. The Renaissance period in Europe from the 15th to the 17th centuries, which was a time of great cultural and intellectual change, brought even more influences to English (as you can see in the picture), and of course, now English language takes words from all over the world!

Words originating from Latin and French are still used in the formal and business language of today. As a general rule, formal words are longer than informal ones. For example, the word 'get' is informal and the word 'receive' is more formal and business-like.

But what happened to the native Celts, the original people of Britain? The invading Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings and Normans pushed the Celts to the far regions of Britain — to Scotland, Wales, Ireland and Cornwall. The languages of these regions are completely different from English!

Formal and informal English are completely different. Informal words are shorter, and come from Anglo-Saxon, and formal words are longer, and come from French and Latin.

Ш СЛОВАРЬ

to invade [m'veid] вторгаться, захватывать, оккупировать inhabitant [m'haebit(a)nt] житель

Celts (keltsj кельты (общее название близких по языку племён, населявших Британию во время её завоевания англосаксами) syllabic ('silsebl| слог Romans ['roumaenz] римляне Latin I'laetin] латинский язык Christianity [,knsti'seniti] христианство church [tf3:t[] церковь monk [тлпк] монах

ВС (before Christ) до нашей эры (до Рождества Христова) origins начало, истоки tribe племя

Dark Ages Тёмные века, Раннее Средневековье (500-1100 н.э.) AD [ei'di] (Anno Domini) нашей эры (от Рождества Христова) Angles famglz] англы (древнегерманское племя). По их имени часть Британии стала называться Англией

Saxons |"saeksnz| саксы (древнегерманское племя)

Jutes |d3u:ts| юты (древнегерманское племя)

Frisians ('fnziAnzJ фризы (древнегерманское племя)

Viking I'vaikiol викинг

Norman норманн

Royal Court Королевский Суд

formal English официальный английский

informal English разговорный английский

^ TEXT 5

LONDON'S BUILDINGS

London is the largest city in Western Europe. About 8 million people live there. It lies on both banks of the Thames.

Parts of London

Photo: The City of London

London is traditionally divided into several parts: the City of London, which is the financial center of the United Kingdom, the West End, which is the area of museums, art galleries, largest department stores, cinemas, and hotels. West End and is associated with wealth and luxury; and the East End, which is the industrial part of London and is very important for the commerce.

The Tower of London

The Beefeater

Now the only inhabitants of the Tower are ravens. There is a legend that the Tower will fall if it loses its ravens. Therefore the birds with clipped wings are carefully guarded.

Most of London sights, such as the Tower, the Houses of Parliament, Westminster Abbey, Trafalgar Square, and others are famous all over the world.

The Tower of London was founded in the 1 l^,h century by William the Conquered, The Tower in the past was a fortress, a palace, and a prison. Though the kings were born, lived and were married there, it happened also that kings and queens were murdered in the Tower. It was said that whoever held the keys to the Tower, held the keys to the kingdom.

The Tower has several towers: the Jewel Tower, where the Royal predfaus jewels are kept, the White Tower, in which the Kings of England held their Court, and others. One of the towers is called the Bloody Tower, where the king Edward V and his brother were murdered. The Duke of York. Queen Anne Boleyn, the Princess (afterwards Queen) Elisabeth and many other people were in prison in the Tower.

Now the Tower is a museum and the Crown jewels and other treasures are kept there. The Guard, known as "beefeaters" still keep watch. The Ceremony of the Keys that is centuries old takes place every night.

The Houses of Parliament are the most beautiful buildings not only in London, but in the whole Europe. The Houses of Parliament are also called the Palace of Westminster. The Queen enters the Palace of Westminster only on the day of the opening of Parliament at the beginning of the session. She wears a crown and many jewels when she makes her speech from the Throne in the House of Lords.

A fire destroyed the old Houses of Parliament. The new Houses of Parliament were built in 1857. The famous 320 foot (97.5 meters) clock Tower is called "Big Ben" after Sir Benjamin Hall under whose direction the construction of the clock was conducted.

St. Paul's Cathedral