Key answers

UNIT 1

Ex. 9.		Ex.10.		Ex.11.
1 – holes	6 – economical	1 – construct	6 – slip	1 – of	6 – from
2 – shutters	7 – ancient	2 – fixed	7 – outer	2 – during	7 – by
3 – inhabitants	8 – ordinary	3 – muntins	8 – screws	3 – to	8 – by
4 – marble	9 – century	4 – mullions	9 – lintel	4 – from	9 – by
5 – glass	10 – floor-to-ceiling	5 – transoms	10 – sill	5 – of	10 – to

Ex.12.		Ex. 14.
1 – f	6 – g	1 – productivity	6 – equipment
2 – h	7 – i	2 – estimated	7 – commercial
3 – a	8 – d	3 – annually	8 – designers
4 – j	9 – b	4 – visual	9 – placing
5 – c	10 – e	5 – consumption	10 –installation

UNIT 2

Ex. 9.		Ex.10.
1 – from	6 – of	1 – houses	6 – exterior
2 – throughout	7 – in	2 – suites	7 – court
3 – on	8 – from	3 – colonnaded	8 – entrances
4 – by	9 – in	4 – tenements	9 – subsidiary
5 – from	10 – to	5 – design	10 – residence

Ex.11.		Ex.12.
1 – builders	6 – built	1 – b
2 – greatest	7 – imperial	2 – b
3 – surrounded	8 – establishments	3 – a
4 – opening	9 – philosophers	4 – b
5 –entrances	10 – accomodation	5 – b

UNIT 3

Ex. 9.		Ex.10.		Ex.11.
1 – aluminia	6– usable	1 – fixed	6 – humidity	1 – to	6 – by
2 – lime	7– mould	2 – height	7 – used	2 – into	7 – out
3 – clay	8 – irregular	3 – depression	8 – cooled	3 – for	8 – by
4 – extraction	9 – pallet	4 – unlike	9 – firing	4 – onto	9 – of
5 – unsuitable		5 – shrinkage	10 –interconnecting	5 – of	10 – to

Ex. 12.

1. Many clay brick manufacturers produce a range of plain and chamfered paving bricks.

2. Bricks for flexible paving are usually nibbed to set the spacing correctly.

3. Typical patterns include herringbone running bond stack bond basket-weave and the use of border sand bands.

4. Profiled brick designs include decorative diamond and chocolate- bar patterns and pedestrian-management texturing.

5. The paving bricks may be laid on a hard base with mortar joints or alternatively on a flexible base with fine sand brushed between the pavers.

6. Edge restraint is necessary to prevent lateral spread of the units.

Ex.13(a)	Ex.13(c)		Ex. 17(a)	Ex. 17(c)
1 – c	1 – c	6 – a	1 – c	6 – j	1 – garage	6 – drafts
2 – e	2 – g	7 – h	2 – e	7 – h	2 – walls	7 – mantelpiece
3 – a	3 – e	8 – i	3 – k	8 – g	3 – panes	8 – oak
4 – d	4 – j	9 – b	4 – b	9 – a	4 – grooves	9 – mortgage
5 – b	5 – f	10 – d	5 – f	10 – d	5 – handles	10 – oak
				11 – i

UNIT 4

Ex. 9.		Ex.10.		Ex.11.
1 – aggregate	6 – proportions	1 – unnecessarily	6 – mixed	1 – for	6 – with
2 – footings	7 – time	2 – penetration	7 – exposure	2 – in	7 – from
3 – mortar	8 – sand	3 – distribution	8 – hardened	3 – to	8 – by
4 – to mix	9 – enough	4 –preserving	9 – generally	4 – of	9 – in
5 – techniques	10 – specify	5 –higher	10 – inorganic	5 – from	10 – into

Ex.12. Hydraulic Lime can be made in two ways:

Fat lime or putty lime, made from quicklime, with a pozzolan added to it, to make the lime hydraulic by artificial means. The Romans used pumice or other volcanic rock but ground up brick dust can also be used.Naturally occurring hydraulic lime, that is produced from limestone that is high in silica.

UNIT 5

Ex.8.		Ex. 9.
1 – e	1 – hygroscopic	6 –to keep
2 – f	2 – weight	7 –protecting
3 – a	3 – recommend	8 – wet
4 – b	4 – harm	9 – glulam
5 – c	5 – primary	10 – applications
6 – d

Ex.10.		Ex.11.
1 – infestation	6 – altering	1 – of	6 – to
2 – untreated	7 – properly	2 – in	7 – with
3 – building	8 – treatment	3 – between	8 – for
4 – protection	9 – application	4 – of	9 – into
5 – designers	10 – pressure	5 – of

Ex.13.

• Grade the building site away from the foundation to provide proper drainage.

• Cover exposed ground in any crawl spaces with 6-mil polyethylene film.

• Support post columns by concrete piers (at least six inches of clear space between the wood and exposed earth).

• Install wood framing and sheathing in exterior walls (at least eight inches above exposed earth).

• Remove building material scraps from the job site before backfilling.

UNIT 6

Ex. 9.		Ex.10.		Ex.11.
1 – building	6 – colouring	1 – largely	6 – applications	1 – with	6 – by
2 – resemble	7 – molded	2 – polished	7 – cladding	2 – to	7 – from
3 – minerals	8 – precast	3 – sold	8 – fixing	3 – on	8 – at
4 – base	9 – imitate	4 – original	9 – stainless	4 – in	9 – within
5 – components	10 – decorating	5 – highly	10 – thickness	5 – by	10 – up to

Ex.13. a) Most granites are hard and dense, and thus form highly durable building materials, virtually impermeable to water, resistant to impact damage and stable within industrial environments. The appearance of granite is significantly affected by the surface finish which may be sawn, rough punched, picked, fine tooled, honed or polished. It is, however, the highly polished form of granite which is most effective at displaying the intensity of the colours and reflectivity of the crystals. Granite is available for flooring and for hard landscaping including pavings, setts and kerbs. Polished granite is also used as a kitchen countertop material due to its strength, durability and high-quality finish.

b) The use of cast stone began in the second century in Europe, where it was made specifically for castles and churches. The molds allowed masons to be much more precise in their sculpting and to repeat the same creation over and over again. As the centuries passed, cast stone became more popular as a component of manors and mansions, where builders used it to add designs to the corners of buildings or to provide a stone sheet to cover brick walls. By the 1900s, cast stone had been used in a variety of construction projects.

Ex.20.
1 – d	2 – c	3 – f	4 – b	5 – a	6 - g	7 – e

UNIT 7

Ex. 9.		Ex.10.		Ex.11.
1 – surface	6 – drying oils	1 – designed	6 – radiation	1 – into	6 – in
2 – filler	7 – varnishes	2 –natural	7 – stains	2 – by	7 – in
3 – bleaching	8 – polished	3 – defects	8 – nearly	3 – to	8 – of
4 – applied	9 – compounds	4 – additional	9 – variety	4 – to	9 – from
5 – coats	10 – finishes	5 –yellowing	10 – traditional	5 – of	10 – for

Ex. 12. Varnish is resin dissolved in turpentine or in a mixture of turpentine and a drying oil such as linseed oil. There 1) are several resins available with which to make a varnish, and the selection of a resin is guided by use.

Picture 2) Varnish is used as a final coating for a painting to protect the picture and unify the appearance of the surface. It can, for example, make the surface appear either matte or 3) shiny, or protect the paint film from chemical reactions with the atmosphere and from mechanical abrasion.

Retouch Varnish is 4) used to give a full and wet look to the surface of the unfinished painting before work is resumed. This 5) prevents the eye from 6) being fooled by the unevenness of the light reflected from parts of the painting's surface.

Mixing Varnish is 7) used as an additive to the painting medium to accelerate the drying time, to add gloss, and to 8) give body to a glaze.

Isolating Varnish is a resin that is 9) insoluble in turpentine or mineral spirits. When this varnish is applied to a paint film, it will 10) protect it from being affected by the turpentine or mineral spirits in the next layer of paint to be applied.

Ex.21.
1 – c	2 – d	3 – e	4 – a	5 – b

UNIT 8

Ex. 9.		Ex.10.
1 – continuous	6 – excavator	1 – support	6 – extent
2 – pressure	7 – solution	2 –thickness	7 – brick
3 – instability	8 – digging	3 – sloping	8 – conventional
4 – suitable	9 – reinforcement	4 – extremely	9 – cores
5 – variation	10 – evenly	5 – different	10 – displacement

Ex.11.
1– for	2– on	3– with	4– in	5– for	6– by	7– in	8– at	9– into	10– before

UNIT 9

Ex.1.		Ex.9.
1 – k	7 – n	13 – e	1 – natural	6 – safety
2 – i	8 – d	14 – j	2 – energy	7 – retardants
3 – o	9 – g	15 – l	3 – shingles	8 – impregnated
4 – a	10 – h	16 - f	4 – maintenance	9 – caliber
5 – p	11 – m		5 – lifecycle	10 – cedar
6 – b	12 – c

Ex.10.		Ex.11.
1 – affordable	6 – expected	1 – from	6 – on
2 – applications	7 – biggest	2 – with	7 – by
3 – damaging	8 – depending	3 – for	8 – of
4 – dimensional	9 – maintenance	4 – to	9 – by
5 - Spanish	10 – installation	5 – to	10 – with