Exercise 5. (Dialogue) Answer the questions. 6 страница

Through the whole tragedy, the Californian was only ten miles away. Its officers were close enough to see the Titanic, but they didn’t understand the situation. They never received the Titanic’ s call for help, and they didn’t come to the rescue until too late.

Why was there such a great loss of life? Why were there so few survivors? Why didn’t the Californian come to help?

First of all, nobody had prepared for such a tragedy. Nobody had believed that the Titanic could sink. The steamship company had thought that its ship would be completely safe in all situations. They’d followed an old rule for the number of lifeboats, so they’d supplied lifeboats for only half the people. The passengers had not yet received their lifeboat numbers, nor had they practiced lifeboat drill before the accident. Many of them had not even dressed warmly, for the ship had hit the iceberg late at night, and they didn’t believe they were in danger.

The ship had already received six ice warnings on its radio when it struck the iceberg. Nevertheless, it had not changed its direction or its speed. It was impossible to change direction quickly enough when the iceberg came in sight. When the Titanic hit the iceberg, the radio officer in the Californian had just gone to bed. He’d tried to warn the officers on the Titanic about the ice before he went to bed, but the officers hadn’t listened.

After this accident, ocean travel changed. Now there are always enough lifeboats for everybody. Ships don’t go so far north in winter, and they watch carefully for ice. Radio officers work 24 hours a day. A tragedy like the sinking of the Titanic should never happen again.

Text Three

«Luckily, I Had Been Wearing My Seatbelt»

Vocabulary: to freeze to melt to check traffic regularly to slip

The snowstorm in our city last week wasn’t a large one, but it caused many accidents. The snow started to come down in the late afternoon. I saw it through the window of the office building where I work as a secretary. It had been snowing for an hour when I started to drive home. The cars had been driving slowly because of the dangerous roads. It was slippery snow that froze when it hit the roads. Earlier, the snow had been melting, but by evening it was staying on the roads. Police cars had been checking the traffic regularly.

I’d been driving for twenty minutes when the accident happened. My heater hadn’t been working, and the snow had been freezing on my window, so I couldn’t see well. I’d been stopping to clean my window every few minutes. I’d just started the car again when my tires started to slip. The car slipped onto the side of the road. When it hit the hill, it turned over and stopped.

I felt and looked to see if I was hurt, but I wasn’t. I’d been driving quite slowly, and luckily I’d been wearing my seatbelt. It was very quiet, with just the sounds of music and falling snow; I’d been playing the radio. Soon the police came to help me, and I was able to reach home in another hour.

Dialogue

«Come On!»

Reporter:     Harold:   Reporter:   Peter:     Harold: Reporter:     Harold: Peter:   Peter: Harold: Peter: Harold: Peter:   Harold: Nancy: Harold: Nancy: Peter: Nancy: Father: Peter: Father: Harold: Father: Peter: Father: Nancy: Mother: Harold: Mother: Nancy: Father: Peter: Harold:

They’re all in a bunch! There’s nothing, nothing in it! No-no-no. Wait, the favourite – I think it’s the favourite – is coming up on the outside. Look, Peter, the white horse. That’s Flash. He’s the favourite. Flash is ahead! By a nose! But now, Negro Boy, Negro Boy is coming up. Yes, yes, he’s passed the favourite! The black horse is passing Flash. He is going to win the race. Vocabulary: a bunch ahead by a nose to pass marvelous a ghost to have in mind Would you like a lift? Yes, I think he is. Good. ...Phew. What a race! Now, now, here’s the result: first – Negro Boy, second – Flash, the favourite. And in the third place – Red Smuggler. Well, that was it. Shall I switch off the TV, Peter? All right. CLIC Harold, I’ve got a marvelous plan. What have you in mind? Let’s go to the old castle on the cliffs. An old castle? Yes, it’s a very lonely place. The fishermen say it’s a haunted castle. Haunted? That’s interesting. I like ghost stories. Hello, boys. What are you doing? We are talking about a trip to the old castle. A trip? Lovely. Can I come with you? Oh, no. It’s no place for girls. No place for girls? Don’t be silly. What time is it? Twenty past two. Oh, I must go then. I’m on duty this afternoon. With the hovercraft? Yes. What are you doing this afternoon? We’re going to the old castle. Well, I’m going by car. Would you like a lift? That would be great. Are you doing anything special today? Yes, a trip to the old castle. Oh, you will be careful, won’t you? It’s dangerous on the cliffs. Don’t worry, mother. Come on, then. Good-bye! Bye!

Grammar Notes: Forms and Patterns

1. The Past Perfect Tense

(a) Form:

had + verb + -ed (past participle)

√	I had worked etc.
?	Had you worked etc.
x	He had not worked etc

(b) We use the Past Perfect:

1. to indicate an activity at a time before the past

e.g. She said she had worked in France and Germany.

2. with the following time conjunctions: after, before, once, until, when, as soon as, by 5 yesterday, by the time you came.

.	e.g. When he had painted the kitchen and bathroom, he decided to have a rest. After I had finished the report, I realized that it was too late to post it.

2. The Past Perfect Continuous Tense

(a) Form:

had + been + verb + -ing (present participle)

		√	I had been working etc.
		?	Had you been working etc.
		x	She had not been working etc

(b) We use the Past Perfect Continuous:

1. to indicate actions that began in the past and continued without interruption up to a given time in the past.

e.g. He had been waiting for her for half an hour when she finally arrived.

2. with the following time conjunctions: for, since, how long.

e.g. Mr Woods had been working for 50 years when he finally retired in 1995.

3. The Past Perfect and the Past Perfect Continuous tenses

We use the Past Perfect:	We use the Past Perfect Continuous:
to stress the result He had answered five letters by 10 o’clock. He had read all the newspapers by 12 o’clock.	to stress the duration He had been answering letters till 10 o’clock. He had been reading newspapers till 12 o’clock.

3. Relative Pronouns:

who (whom) which that

We use who (whom) for people and which for things.

e.g.	The man who spoke to us wasn’t English. That’s Jim whom I saw yesterday. Did you see the letter which came this morning?.

We use that for people and things.

e.g.	We’ve got all the stuntmen that we want. It reminded him of a photo that he had once seen. She said a word that I didn’t hear.

Drills

Drill 1.

Why didn’t you listen to that play on the radio? (hear) · Because I had heard it before. · I didn’t listen to that play on the radio because I had heard it before.

1. Why didn’t you see Fred when you came to Moscow? (leave)

2. Why didn’t Kate want to go to the cinema? (see the film)

3. Why didn’t you tell him my new address? (forget)

4. What did Jeff hear about Kate’s examination? (pass)

5. Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday? (spend all the money)

6. Why couldn’t you get into your flat at once? (lose the key)

7. Why did you hurry to the snack bar during the first break? (have no breakfast)

8. What did you learn about Bob? (marry)

9. What did she read in the newspaper about the expedition? (return)

10. What did he learn about Helen from the letter he received? (be ill for a month)

Drill 2.

When John got to the theatre the play... (start already) · When John got to the theatre, the play had already started.

1. When she went to bed, she remembered that she... (not lock the door).

2. She felt tired because she... (work too hard the day before).

3. She went for a holiday after she... (pass the exams).

4. I didn’t know what to do when I... (spend all the money).

5. I didn’t look at the present until after he... (go).

6. I was very sorry to hear that he... (die).

7. He didn’t start eating until... (wash his hands).

8. When I met Helen, I understood why Bill... (marry her).

9. He understood the book only after he... (read it again).

Drill 3.

He left school and went to university. · After he had left school he went to university.

1. He studied for three years but failed his exams.

2. He worked in an office for a while and then emigrated to Australia.

3. He tried several jobs and then he became a farmer.

4. He made a lot of money and decided to go home for a holiday.

5. He arrived in England and married an old girlfriend.

6. He met his old friends and didn’t want to go back again.

7. He sold his farm and bought a business in England.

Drill 4.	They went home. They finished their work. (after) · They went home after they had finished their work.
	The sun set. I was ready to go. (before) · The sun had set before I was ready to go.

1. He died. He was very ill. (before)

2. She wrote the letter. She went to the post office. (after)

3. She read the message carefully. She wrote the reply. (before)

4. He had dinner. He went to the cinema. (after)

5. The man didn’t leave. He didn’t receive a definite answer. (till)

6. We didn’t disturb him. He finished his work. (until)

7. We reached the football ground. The game started. (when)

8. John worked as a skilled builder. He began to study architecture. (before)

9. Harold couldn’t leave for home. He completed everything. (till)

10. The river became deeper. It rained heavily. (after)

Drill 5.

She started cooking. The telephone rang. · She’d hardly started cooking when the telephone rang.

1. They finished speaking. Someone knocked at the door.

2. She closed the door. The baby started crying.

3. She fed the baby. The dog began barking.

4. She put the dog out. The cat stole the meat.

5. She rescued the meat. The soup boiled over.

6. She cleaned up the mess. The guests arrived.

7. They sat down. She served dinner.

Drill 6.

Did that girl help you. · Yes, she’s the girl who helped me.

1. Did that boy see you? 2. Did that woman hear you? 3. Did that man find you? 4. Did that nurse speak to you?

5. Did that fellow beat you? 6. Did that lady smile at you? 7. Did that gentleman invite you?

Drill 7.

Did you see that film?. · Yes, that’s the film which I saw last night.

1. Did you find that ring? 2. Did you watch that program? 3. Did you write that letter? 4. Did you win that prize?

5. Did you sing that song? 6. Did you sell that moped? 7. Did you read that book?

Drill 8.

The boy that you met was my brother.. · Yes, the boy I met was your brother.

1. The girl that you heard was my sister.

2. The dog which he killed was mine.

3. The books that she bought were expensive.

4. The cups which I broke were cheap.

5. The money which I found was yours.

6. The man whom you saw was my father.

7. The books that I read were good.

Drill 9.

Did you see that girl yesterday?. · Yes, she’s the girl whom I saw yesterday.

1. Did you meet that man yesterday?

2. Did you hear that woman yesterday?

3. Did you find that boy yesterday?

4. Did you invite that nurse yesterday?

5. Did you talk about that fellow yesterday?

6. Did you dream of that girl yesterday?

7. Did you speak to that doctor yesterday?

Drill 10.

I wrote you about that book, didn’t I? · Yes, that’s the book you wrote me about.

1. I told you about that film, didn’t I? 2. I gave you that bottle of wine, didn’t I? 3. I lost that button, didn’t I?

4. I paid for that watch, didn’t I?I smiled at that girl, didn’t I? 5. I read that book, didn’t I? 6. I wrote that letter, didn’t I?

Vocabulary and Comprehension Exercises

Exercise 1. (Text 1) Give the correct order of the events.

1. He went to the airport.

2. While he was away, someone took his suitcase.

3. He finished his teaching for the summer term.

4. He left the suitcase near the check-in desk.

5. He packed Rupert, the skeleton, in a suitcase.

6. He went to buy a newspaper.

Exercise 2. (Text 1) Answer the questions.

1. Why was he free to go to Rumania? – Because he had...

2. Where had he put Rupert?

3. Why did he go to the kiosk?

4. Where did he leave the suitcase?

5. What did he discover when he got back?

Exercise 3. (Text 1) Write a dialogue between the lecturer and an airport

policeman. The policeman wants to know where he left the

suitcase, why, what it looks like, and what was in it.

Lecturer: Officer, someone has...

Policeman: I see. Where did you leave it?

Exercise 4. (Text 2) Answer each question in the Past Perfect Tense.

e.g. Did the «Titanic» cross the Atlantic in 1913?

– No, it had already sunk in 1913.

1. Did the «Titanic» have enough lifeboats for its passengers?

2. Did the people on the Carpathia see the «Titanic» when they picked up the survivors?

3. Why were the survivors so cold?

4. Why didn’t the Carpathia pick up more passengers when it arrived?

5. Why hadn’t the steamship company prepared for the tragedy?

6. Why were there so few lifeboats?

7. Why didn’t the passengers know where to go?

8. Why were some of the survivors so wet?

9. How did the officers know there was ice on the sea?

10. Was the Titanic traveling carefully?

11. Did the radio officer on the Californian hear the call for help?

Exercise 5. (Text 3) Answer the questions:

1. Was the snowstorm last week a large one?

2. What did it cause?

3. When did the snow start to come down?

4. How long had it been snowing when the author started to drive home?

5. Why had the cars been driving slowly?

6. What had police cars been checking regularly?

7. How long had the author been driving when the accident happened?

8. Why couldn’t the author see well?

9. How often had he been stopping to clean his window?

10. What happened when the author had just started the car again?

11. Why wasn’t the author hurt?

12. Who came to help the author?

Exercise 6. (Dialogue) Answer the questions:

1. What program are Harold and Peter watching on TV?

2. What horse is the favourite?

3. What horse wins the race?

4. What other horses participate in the race?

5. Peter has got a marvelous plan. What has he in mind?

6. What do the fishermen say about the old castle?

7. Does Harold like ghost stories?

8. Why is Father leaving?

9. Mother asks young people to be careful. Why?

Exercise 7. Dictation-translation.

A.   В.     C.

1. Как-то несколько лет назад с моим соседом произошел смешной случай. 2. Он – преподаватель в одной из медицинских школ Лондона. 3. Он находился в аэропорту на пути в Румынию. 4. Около стойки регистрации он вспомнил, что забыл купить газету. 5. Когда он вернулся, то обнаружил, что кто-то взял его чемодан. 1. В 1912 году «Титаник» столкнулся с айсбергом во время своего первого плавания через Атлантический океан и затонул через четыре часа. 2. В то время «Титаник» был самым большим кораблем, который когда-либо плавал по морю. 3. «Карпатия» находилась на расстоянии 58 миль, когда «Титаник» запросил о помощи по радио. 4. «Карпатия» подошла через два часа, после того как великий корабль затонул. Она спасла 705 человек. 5. Почему погибло так много людей? Во-первых, никто не был готов к такой трагедии. Никто не верил, что «Титаник» может затонуть. 6. До того, как корабль столкнулся с айсбергом, он получил по радио шесть предупреждений об айсбергах. Тем не менее, корабль не изменил ни скорости, ни направления. 7. Когда айсберг появился в поле зрения, было уже невозможно быстро изменить направление. 1. Снежная буря на прошлой неделе не была сильной, но она спровоцировала много аварий. 2. Снег пошел ближе к вечеру. 3. Он шел уже час, когда я поехал домой. 4. Из-за скользких дорог машины двигались медленно. 5. Мокрый снег замерзал, когда падал на дорогу, 6. Полицейские машины постоянно следили за дорожным движением. 7. Печка в машине не работала, снег замерзал на окнах, поэтому я не мог четко видеть. 8. Машина начала скользить на обочину дороги. 9. К счастью, я был пристегнут ремнем безопасности. 10. Вскоре полиция пришла мне на помощь, и через час я смог добраться домой.

Grammar Exercises

Exercise 1. Put questions of different types to the following sentences.

1. He had lived there all his life.

2. Most of the shops had closed by 6 p.m.

3. By 1960 most of Britain’s old colonies had become independent.

4. He had been smoking for 30 years before he gave up smoking.

5. They had been waiting for 20 minutes before the bus came.

Exercise 2.	Use «after» to make one sentence for each situation.
e.g.	He finished his work. Then he went home. · After he had finished his work, he went home.

1. I wrote to my boyfriend. Then I watched television for an hour or so.

2. I posted the letter. Then I felt much better about everything.

3. He bought presents for everyone in his family. Then he bought something for himself as well.

4. He had his supper. Then he went to bed.

5. She heard the news. Then she phoned her mother.

6. They left the house. Then it began to snow.

7. He spoke to the boss. Then he decided to leave.

8. I worked in England for five years. Then I went to Australia.

9. I ate the meat. Then the dog finished the bones.

10. It got dark. Then we made camp.

Exercise 3.	Add sentences to the ones given below using the Past Perfect and the expressions in parentheses.
	e.g. They didn’t introduce me to Edna. (to meet her) · They didn’t introduce me to Edna. I had met her before.

1. We didn’t go to the Crimea last summer. (to be there)

2. I went to her concert last night. (to hear her and to like her singing).

3. Ralph was not surprised. (to hear something about it).

4. Miss Black gave the students an easy dictation. (to dictate only difficult words)

5. Frank invited Susan to the theatre. (not to ask her for a date)

6. Gerald came home at three. (never to finish his work so early)

7. I was surprised Mabel agreed with me. (always to disagree)

8. Isabel didn’t want to wait for us. (never to be so impatient)

9. I found the problem in algebra easy. (to do similar problems)

10. Harold didn’t go to the movies with us. (to see the film)

Exercise 4.	Add your own sentences to the ones given below.
e.g.	We went to the movies on Saturday. · We went to the movies on Saturday. · We hadn’t gone to the movies for a long time.

1. We visited the Carters last week.

2. They had a party on Sunday.

3. Madge had a rest after lunch.

4. Caroline bought flowers that evening.

5. The student wrote a test yesterday.

6. He ate ice-cream for dessert.

7. Mrs. Smith played the piano for us.

8. They played tennis in the afternoon.

9. Tom and Barbara quarreled yesterday.

10. Miss Black gave her students a difficult home assignment.

11. Mr. Connely worked in the garden in the afternoon.

12. Edward drank black coffee in the afternoon.

13. The Browns went to the picture gallery on Saturday.

Exercise 5. Read the story and answer the questions.

On Tuesday afternoon, everyone in my family was very busy – except me. During the afternoon Helen repaired her car; John practised his karate; Kate did some gardening; Stephanie played tennis; Roger swam for half an hour; Pam went horse-riding; Philip painted the ceiling in his room light blue. I spent the afternoon sitting reading.

1. Who had black grease on her hands at tea time? Why? –

Helen, because she had been repairing her car.

2. Who had dirt on her hands and knees? Why?

3. Who was wearing a short white skirt? Why?

4. Who was wearing a white jacket and trousers and a black belt? Why?

5. Who was wearing high boots and a hard hat? Why?

6. Whose hair had light blue streaks in it? Why?

7. Whose hair was all wet? Why?

Exercise 7.	Change the following sentences into the past tense. Use the Past Simple, the Past Continuous or the Past Perfect, whichever is appropriate.
e.g.	Harry has opened his textbook and is writing an exercise. · Harry had opened his textbook and was writing an exercise.

1. Roger has done the exercise and is reading the text now.

2. Constance has made tea and is pouring it out.

3. Fred is my best friend. I have known him since our schooldays.

4. Miss Baker is a teacher. She has been a teacher for many years.

5. Douglas speaks German well. He has known German since his childhood.

6. Gwen has bought a new coat. Now she needs a new hat too.

7. Henry has received a bachelor’s degree. He plans to go for a master’s degree.

Exercise 8.

Join these sentences using the words in brackets. Change verbs into the Past Perfect Simple or the Past Perfect Continuous where necessary.

1. The sun set. They were ready to leave. (before)

2. The river was deeper than usual. It rained for weeks on end. (because)

3. They finished breakfast. They went for a swim. (as soon as)

4. We drank our beer. We went back to work. (when)

5. We lived there for only six months. We decided we didn’t like it. (after)

6. It happened ten years before. She could not forget it. (although)

7. I didn’t see Jane for many years. She called to see me last week. (when)

8. She walked for two hours. She saw the house. (when)

Exercise 9. Use the Past Simple, the Past Perfect or the Past Perfect Continuous.

1. He (be) tired because he (work) in the garden all day.

2. First she (open) the parcel, and then she (read) the letter.

3. After she (open) the parcel, she (read) the letter.

4. They (sit) there for more than an hour when the taxi finally (arrive).

5. They (leave) the room as soon as he (finish) speaking.

6. He quickly (forget) all he (learn) at school.

7. When we (come) to Harpole, the Smiths (already live) there for ten years.

8. He (tell) me that he (fish) in the river every weekend for the last two years but that he (never catch) anything.

9. When the doctor (go) the patient (feel) quite defenseless.

10. He (be) a man who (deal) with secret information for many years.

11. After she (put) her baby to bed, she (walk) down into the town.

12. I (know) that they (not see) him since Friday.

13. He (have) no idea in which room he (hear) the noise.

14. He (not know) his wife (think) of a divorce for several months now.

15. When he (go) to London he (already study) English.

Exercise 10.

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct present or past tense.

1. It (rain) for two weeks now.

2. I (not think) I (see) him since the war.

3. – (you go) home)? – No, I (not go) home. I (only go out) to lunch.

4. (James carry) a briefcase when you (see) him yesterday?

5. She usually (drink) nothing stronger than beer.

6. He said he (try) to telephone Sarah for two days now.

7. John (eat) a lot, but he (eat) more since last year.

Exercise 11.

Fill in who, whom, which.

1. That’s the photo ….. he had seen.

2. That’s the artist ….. spoke to me.

3. That’s the woman ….. I met yesterday.

4. That’s the program ….. we saw last night.

5. That’s the girl ….. smiled at me.

6. That’s the fellow ….. I talked about.

7. That’s the astronaut ….. walked on the moon.

8. That’s the language ….. I have learned.

9. ….. steals once is for ever a thief.

10. Here is the money ….. I earned.

11. That’s the door ….. he painted.

12. Here is the bridge ….. was built in the Middle Ages.

Exercise 12. Translate from Russian into English.

1. Я не слушал эту пьесу по радио, потому что слышал ее раньше.

2. Она чувствовала себя усталой, потому что много работала накануне.

3. Они уехали на каникулы после того, как сдали экзамены.

4. Он понял книгу только тогда, когда прочитал ее еще раз.

5. Они ушли домой только после того, как закончили работу.

6. Мистер Браун уехал в Румынию после того, как закончил читать лекции.

7. Он не пришел на концерт, потому что мы его не пригласили.

8. К тому времени, как мы собирались уходить из дома, дождь прекратился.

9. Он стал сильнее после того, как много плавал летом.

10. Он сказал, что не видел своего друга два дня.

SOME MORE PRACTICE

	Task 1.	In a murder investigation, some suspects were asked by police what they had been doing at eight o’clock the previous evening. They all told lies. Write sentences to explain what they told the police they had been doing, and what they had actually been doing.
	NAME	TOLD POLICE HE/SHE HAD BEEN DOING	TRUTH
	Mrs. Oliver Mr. Lucas Mrs. Allen Mr. Nash Alice Pete Aunt Jane Miss Fry Rob	reading watching TV talking on the phone washing clothes playing cards studying chemistry writing letters washing her hair painting his flat	watching neighbours through binoculars stealing cars making a bomb forging £5 notes selling drugs fighting planning a bank robbery out dancing with her sister’s boyfriend playing roulette
e.g.	Mrs. Oliver said she had been reading, but actually she had been watching the neighbours through binoculars.

Task 2. Analyze the tense forms in the following text.