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Ãëàâíàÿ Ñëó÷àéíàÿ ñòðàíèöà Êîíòàêòû | Ìû ïîìîæåì â íàïèñàíèè âàøåé ðàáîòû! | |
Text Two
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«Hannah Jones Gazes into the Future of Futurology»
I confess I am obsessed with the future – and I am not the only one. Over the centuries, people have used the stars, cards, crystal balls and even tea-leaves to look into the future. I still read my horoscope every day.
This weekend, hundreds of futurologists are meeting at Newcastle University. The conference starts on Thursday and the experts will be discussing the impact of technology on the future. The future is now big business. I logged on to the websites of some professional futurologists and found these predictions:
·
| Vocabulary: to be obsessed an impact to log on a website a prediction an image intelligence to store to carry out smart brain |
· In the next few years, we will be communicating with our friends around the world using life-sized video images on large screens in our living rooms.
· By the year 2030, computers will already have become more efficient and powerful than the human brain both in terms of intelligence and the amount of information they can store.
· By the year 2040, genetic engineering and nanotechnology will enable us to live for at least 150 years. Using nanotechnology, tiny, insect-like robots may be sent around our bodies to carry out repairs and keep us healthy.
· By the middle of the century, computers, millions of times smarter than us, will have been developed. By this time, we will be linking our brains with ‘ultra-smart’ computers. A new species might have developed – ‘Homo Cyberneticus’.
· By the end of the century, we will have colonized our solar system and will be looking for ways to colonize deep space.
Much more interesting than horoscopes, I am sure you will agree! I’ve decided I’m going to give up astrology and take up futurology – I’ll be there in Newcastle this weekend. At nine o’clock on Saturday morning, I’ll be sitting in the front row and listening to the great Duke Willard talking about the future of my brain. If you can’t beat the future, join it!
Dialogue
«To the Old Castle»
Mr Miller: I’ll take you as far as Mc Donald’s farm. From there you can climb up to the castle.
Nancy: How do we come home again?
Peter: Oh, there’s a bus-stop near the farm.
Mr Miller: All right then, you’ll come home by bus. But not too late!
Harold: Is that McDonald’s farm?
Peter: Yes, that’s it.
Mr Miller: Be careful, eh? It’s a lonely place.
Harold: Aye, aye, sir.
Nancy: Good-bye, Father. Thanks for the lift.
| Vocabulary: to climb up Thanks for the lift! What a smell! youngsters to grumble to catch a ghost Good gracious! to make jokes ringing bells a cellar to give a hand to get through |
Nancy: There’s the farm.
Harold: Well, this is the real country.
Peter: Yes, cows, horses, sheep and pigs.
Nancy: And a lot of fowls. What a smell!
Harold: Yes.
Peter: There’s the farmer’s wife. Good afternoon, Mrs McDonald.
Mrs McDonald: Good afternoon, youngsters.
Nancy: How are you today?
Mrs McDonald: Well, I mustn’t grumble. The weather is all right. Where are you going?
Harold: To the old castle. We hope to catch a ghost.
Mrs McDonald: Good gracious! That’s no joking matter.
Nancy: Oh, he always makes jokes, Mrs McDonald.
Harold: Good-bye.
Mrs McDonald: And mind how you go. It’s very dangerous in the castle.
| Peter: Nancy: Peter: Harold: Peter: Harold: Peter: Harold: Peter: Harold: Peter: Nancy: Peter: Harold: Peter: Nancy: Peter: Nancy: Harold: Nancy: Peter: Harold: Peter: Harold: Peter: Harold: Peter: Harold: Nancy: Harold: | All right. We must go that way. To the left. There’s a story about this castle. Really? What’s the story? Well, many years ago some people tried to burn down the castle. But the old servant saved the castle by ringing the bells. Jolly good! But he died shortly after. Oh, bad luck. How? The shock was too much. And what’s the end of the story? Well, the ghost of the old servant still rings the bells of the old castle at midnight. Oh, stop it, Peter. Let’s talk about something else, please. There’s the castle. Do you see it? I say...it’s old enough. There are only the walls and some big stones. Yes, but under these walls are large cellars. How do you know? I was looking at them last week. Come on. This way. Oh, I’m getting tired. Let me help you. I’ll give you a hand to the top. Ready? ‘oops. Phew. We’ve made it! Look, there’s the sea. There’s a little boat in the distance. Yes, it’s a fishing boat, I think. Let’s go into the castle now. How can we get into the castle? There’s no door. There’s a hole in the wall here. It’s easy to get through. Have you got your electric torch, Peter? Yes, here it is. Shall I go first? And you come next, Nancy. No, I’ll stay here and wait for you. Don’t be silly, come on. We stay together. |
Grammar Notes: Forms and Patterns
1. The Future Continuous Tense
| (a) | Form: | will be | + | verb | + | ing | (present participle) |
| √ | He will be working. |
| ? | Will you be working? |
| x | They will not be working. |
We can use shall instead of will with I and we. But in everyday speech we normally use the contractions I’ll and we’ll.
(b) Meaning.
We use the Future Continuous Tense:
(1) to say that something will be going on at a certain time in the future.
| e.g. I’ll be having dinner at 7.00. This time tomorrow I’ll be skiing. |
(2) for planned or expected future events.
| e.g. Professor Asher will be giving another lecture at the same time next week. |
(ñ) Time expressions used with the Future Continuous:
| this time next year | at 7 tomorrow | from 5 till 7 tomorrow etc. |
(d) Types of questions:
| He’ll be having his dinner this time tomorrow. | 1. Will he be having his dinner this time tomorrow? 2. Will he be having his dinner or his brunch this time tomorrow? 3. What will he be doing this time tomorrow? 4. He’ll be having his dinner this time tomorrow, won’t he? 5. Who will be having dinner this time tomorrow? |
2. The Future Perfect Tense
| (a) | Form: | will have | + | verb + ed (past participle) |
| √ | He will have finished. He will have gone. |
| ? | Will you have finished? |
| x | They will not have finished. |
(b) Meaning.
We use the Future Perfect Tense to say that something will have been completed by a certain time in the future.
| e.g. I’ll have finished breakfast by 9.00. |
(ñ)Time expressions used with the Future Perfect:
| before | by | by then | by the time etc. |
(d) Types of questions:
| The builder will have finished the roof by Saturday. | 1. Will the builder have finished the roof by Saturday? 2. Will the builder have finished the roof by Saturday or by Sunday? 3. By when will the builder have finished the roof? 4. The builder will have finished the roof by Saturday, won’t he? 5. Who will have finished the roof by Saturday? |
3. Modal verbs “ can, could”.
(a) Forms
| Positive and Negative | Questions | ||||||
| I you he/she/it we they | can could can’t couldn’t | dance. | What | can could | I you he/she/it we they | do? | |
(b) Meaning. We use can/could to express:
(i) ability: e.g. Tim can speak English well.
(ii) possibility: e.g. John can be very amazing.
(iii) permission: e.g. You can go now.
(iv) polite request: e.g. Can (could) you change a pound note for me, please?
(v) negative deduction: e.g. You can’t be hungry now! You have just had breakfast!
(ñ) Types of questions:
| He can swim like a fish. | 1. Can he swim like a fish? 2. How well can he swim? 3. He can swim like a fish, can’t he? 4. Who can swim like a fish? |
Drills
| Drill 1. | Don’t call for me at six. (have a bath). · Don’t call for me at six. I’ll be having a bath. |
1. Don’t ring them up at seven in the morning. (sleep)
2. Don’t send us any letters in June. (travel)
3. Don’t call on us tonight. (pack)
4. Don’t come to see her after lunch. (type)
5. Don’t leave the child alone. (cry)
6. Don’t tell Granny about it. (grumble)
7. Don’t expect him to come next Saturday. (work)
8. Don’t wait for Maggie tomorrow. (keep to her room)
| Drill 2. | What will you be doing tomorrow afternoon? (drive to the seaside) · I ’ll be driving to the seaside. |
1. What will she be doing on Sunday? (make a dress)
2. What will you be doing at this time next week? (bathe in the Black Sea)
3. What will grandfather be doing when we arrive? (work in the garden)
4. What will he be doing at the University for five years? (study chemistry)
5. What will they be doing at this time tomorrow? (fly to New York)
6. What will she be doing at the concert tomorrow? (sing folk songs)
7. What will he be doing at this time the day after tomorrow? (meet a foreign delegation)
8. What will she be doing next term? (lecture at the University)
| Drill 3. | Are you going to visit him tomorrow? · Will you be visiting him tomorrow? |
1. When are you going to have lunch?
2. Are you going to visit the Hermitage this week?
3. How long are they going to stay here?
4. When is he going to arrive?
5. Are you going to use this book for your report?
6. Where is he going to spend his holidays?
7. When are your parents going to return?
8. Is she going to stay to tea?
9. Are you going to watch the show tonight?
10. Is he going to do the shopping tomorrow?
| Drill 4. | Can she play the guitar? · Yes, she can. · No, she can’t. | ||
| 1. Can they lift a car? 2. Can he clean the house? 3. Can you walk on your knees? 4. Can he speak Japanese? 5. Can he wash the floor? 6. Can she paint a door? 7. Can I clean the house? | 8. Can I drive a car? 9. Can you climb a tree? 10. Can she swim across the sea? 11. Can you catch a mouse? 12. Can they drive a bus? 13. Can he sing a song? 14. Can she play the drums? | ||
| Drill 5. | see · Can you see it? – Yes, it is easy to see. | |||
| 1. hear 2. read | 3. eat 4. understand | 5. believe 6. find | 7. 7. do | |
| Drill 6. | borrow the camera · You can borrow my camera if you want to. | |
| 1. use my phone 2. take photographs 3. ride a horse 4. use a sewing machine | 5. drive my car 6. use a pocket calculator 7. borrow a bike | |
| Drill 7. | I can’t go. · If you can’t go, I won’t go either. | |
| 1. I can’t remember. 2. I can’t tell. 3. I can’t believe. 4. I can’t understand. 5. I can’t study. | 6. I can’t write. 7. I can’t eat. 8. I can’t speak. 9. I can’t play. 10. I can’t run. | |
| Drill 8. | you – do · Can you do it today? – No, but I could do it tomorrow. |
| 1. he – hide 2. they – keep 3. she – make 4. I – reach | 5. she – sing 6. she – wear 7. you – promise 8. he – decide |
| Drill 9. | How well can you do these things? Very well? Quite well? A bit? Not at all? · I can swim quite well. · I can’t speak French at all. | |
| 1. play football 2. drive a car 3. take photographs 4. play table tennis 5. use a sewing machine 6. use a pocket calculator 7. ride a bicycle 8. play the guitar 9. speak Japanese | 10. ride a horse 11. sail a boat 12. understand sign language 13. type 14. cook 15. dive 16. dance 17. paint 18. act | |
| Drill 10. | We can see the sea from our bedroom window. · We could see the sea from our bedroom window. | |
| 1. Tom can drive. 2. She can understand English. 3. I can express my thoughts in English. 4. We can spell these words. | 5. He can speak Spanish. 6. They can swim very fast. 7. Tom can play tennis. 8. He can speak English fluently. | |
| Drill 11. | Speak Russian – speak English · I could speak Russian when I was 4, but I couldn’t speak English until I was 16. | |
| 1. walk – talk 2. count to ten – do geometry 3. say the alphabet – read 4. write your name – write a letter | 5. swim – dive 6. play football – play chess 7. boil an egg – cook a meal 8. ride a bicycle – drive | |
Vocabulary and Comprehension Exercises
Exercise 1. (Text 1 ) Answer each question with a complete sentence.
1. How soon will the tornado strike the farm?
2. Will the family have time to reach safety?
3. Where will they go?
4. What preparations have they made?
5. What will they be doing when the tornado hits?
6. What will they be thinking about?
Exercise 2. (Text 2) Find the answers in the text.
1. What for have people used the stars, cards, crystal balls and even tea-leaves over the centuries?
2. Where are hundreds of futurologists meeting this weekend?
3. What will the experts be discussing at the conference?
4. How will we be communicating with our friends around the world in the next few years?
5. Will computers have become more efficient and powerful than the human brain by the year 2030?
6. What computers will have been developed by the middle of the century?
7. What will we have colonized by the end of the century?
8. Where will Hannah Jones be sitting at nine o’clock on Saturday morning?
Exercise 3. (Dialogue) Answer the questions.
1. Where will Mr. Miller take the young men?
2. How will they come home again?
3. What animals are there on the farm?
4. Whom did the young people meet on the farm?
5. Who always makes jokes?
6. What story does Peter tell about the castle?
7. What’s the end of the story?
8. What are there under the walls of the old castle?
Exercise 4. Dictation-translation.
| A. B. C. | 1. Òîðíàäî äâèæåòñÿ áûñòðî ïî íàïðàâëåíèþ ê ôåðìå. 2. Ìàìà çàâåðíóëà ìàëûøà â îäåÿëî; îòåö ñîçâàë âñåõ äåòåé. 3. Êîãäà óäàðèò òîðíàäî, âñÿ ñåìüÿ áóäåò íàõîäèòüñÿ â øòîðìîâîì óáåæèùå. 4. Âñå áóäóò âñëóøèâàòüñÿ â çâóêè óðàãàíà. 5. Îíè âñå áóäóò äóìàòü î ñâîåé ôåðìå. 1.  òå÷åíèå íåñêîëüêèõ ëåò áóäåò íàáëþäàòüñÿ çíà÷èòåëüíîå óâåëè÷åíèå áîëüíûõ ðàêîì êîæè. 2. Ïðîáëåìà èñòîùåíèÿ îçîíîâîãî ñëîÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ î÷åíü ñåðüåçíîé. 3. Îçîí – ýòî áåñöâåòíûé ãàç â ñòðàòîñôåðå. 4. Îí áëîêèðóåò ñàìîå îïàñíîå óëüòðàôèîëåòîâîå èçëó÷åíèå ñîëíöà. 5. Íåêîòîðûå ó÷åíûå ñ÷èòàþò, ÷òî ê 2050 ãîäó êîëè÷åñòâî îçîíà óìåíüøèòñÿ íà 50%. 6. Ê 2100 ãîäó çàãàð ñòàíåò ìåíåå ìîäíûì. 7. Ê 2100 ãîäó ëþäè ïîéìóò, ÷òî íàõîäèòñÿ íà ñîëíöå â òå÷åíèå ìíîãèõ ÷àñîâ – ñëèøêîì îïàñíî. 1. ß äîâåçó âàñ äî ôåðìû Ìàêäîíàëüäîâ. 2. Îòòóäà âû ïîäíèìåòåñü ââåðõ ê çàìêó. 3. Âû âåðíåòåñü äîìîé íà àâòîáóñå. 4. Ñïàñèáî, ÷òî ïîäâåçëè. 5. Ýòî íàñòîÿùàÿ äåðåâíÿ: êîðîâû, ëîøàäè, îâöû, ñâèíüè, êóðû. 6. Êàê âû ïîæèâàåòå, – ß íå äîëæíà æàëîâàòüñÿ, ïîãîäà õîðîøàÿ. 7. Ìû èäåì â ñòàðûé çàìîê. Íàäååìñÿ ïîéìàòü ïðèâåäåíèå. 8. Î, ãîñïîäè. Ýòî íå øóòî÷íîå äåëî. 9. Îí âñåãäà øóòèò. 10.  çàìêå î÷åíü îïàñíî. 11. Ñòàðûé ñëóãà ñïàñ çàìîê, çâîíÿ â êîëîêîëà. 12. Íå ïîâåçëî. 13. Äàâàéòå ïîãîâîðèì î ÷åì-íèáóäü äðóãîì. 14. Ïîñëóøàé, à îí ñòàðèííûé. 15. Êàê ìû ìîæåì ïîïàñòü â çàìîê? |
Grammar Exercises
Exercise 1. Put the following sentences into the Future Continuous tense.
| e.g. | He’ s travelling. (all night) · He will be travelling all night. |
1. What are you doing? (in ten years’ time)
2. He is sleeping. (at four o’clock)
3. She is doing her homework. (after supper)
4. It’s raining. (when you come back)
5. I’m still mending the chair. (at seven o’clock)
6. She is talking. (for at least another three hours)
7. I’m waiting for you. (at the usual time)
8. We’re listening to you. (at the concert)
9. She’s making tea. (about then)
10. I’m doing the washing. (tomorrow morning)
11. They’re studying English. (from 6 till 8)
12. He’s writing to her. (at tea-time)
13. You’re swimming in the sea. (this time next week)
14. We’re working very hard. (in the autumn)
Exercise 2. Restate the following, using the Future Continuous tense.
| e.g. | They’ re going to do it again later. · They will be doing it again later. |
1. The leaves are going to fall soon.
2. She says she is going to do the washing tomorrow.
3. I’m going to have tea in town.
4. He’s going to meet us at the station.
5. Are you going to town again this week?
6. We’re going to have coffee after dinner as usual.
7. He is going to lecture on the seventeenth-century poets next.
Exercise 3. Put questions to the following statements.
| A. | 1. They’ll be sitting in the storm cellar, when the tornado hits. 2. He’ll be working nights next week. 3. She’ll be spending the summer in Europe. 4. They’ll be staying with us for a couple of weeks. |
| B. | 1. By the year 2100 people will have changed their sunbathing habits. 2. By this time next week you will have met my friend Harold. 3. I shall have read seven of Shaw’s plays by the end of the year. 4. In another two years, she will have left school. 5. If they start school at four, most children will have learned to read and write by the age of six. 6. By the time we get to Birmingham we will have driven over two hundred miles. |
Exercise 4. Read the paragraph and write sentences about what
Christopher Austin will be doing at these times tomorrow.
Christopher Austin gets up at six o’clock every day. He has a quick shower and then goes out training at six thirty. He usually runs for about an hour and then goes back home, has another shower and then has his breakfast. By nine he’s at the office ready to begin work. Lunch is from one till two and he often has a sandwich and a beer in the pub. He finishes work at five thirty and stops at the supermarket to do some shopping on his way home. If it’s a pleasant evening he may go for a walk after supper but he doesn’t like getting to bed late, as he has an early start the next day.
| e.g.: | 6.15 a.m. | Christopher Austin will be running at 6.15 a.m. |
| 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. | 7.00 a.m. 8.00 a.m. 10.30 a.m. 1.30 p.m. 6.00 p.m. 8.30 p.m. 11.00 p.m. |
Exercise 5. Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Perfect tense.
| e.g. | By the time you receive this letter, I (be) in Japan for two weeks. · By the time you receive this letter, I will have been in Japan for two weeks. |
1. I (finish) this book by tomorrow
2. It’s already late: the train (leave) by the time we get to the station.
3. By the time you get back I (finish) painting the room.
4. They have another month to spend in Greece. By the time they leave they (visit) all the important monuments.
5. By the end of the year she (sit) for all her exams.
6. If she continues to lose weight she (lose) twenty kilos by the end of the month.
7. The police (start) their inquiries by Friday.
8. When she comes back a lot of things (change) in the town.
9. They (be) married for thirty years by May.
10. By next month he (sell) all his furniture.
11. The horse race (start) before we even leave home.
12. I hope it (stop) raining by five o’clock.
| Exercise 6. | Finish the sentences about your future. Make predictions about your education, work, family, life, etc. |
| e.g. | By four o’clock this afternoon I’ll have finished my homework. |
| 1. By four o’clock this afternoon... 2. By twelve o’clock tonight... 3. In a week’s time... 4. In six months’ time... | 5. In a year’s time... 6. In five years’ time... 7. By the time I’m 30 years old... 8. By the year 2030... |
Exercise 7. Put questions to the following statements.
| 1. I can smell gas. 2. He could see a few stars in the sky. 3. She can count to twenty in Spanish. | 4. They can understand sign language. 5. He can sail a boat. 6. They could play chess. |
| Exercise 8. | Write the following in the form of a polite request using can. Make changes if necessary. | ||
| e.g. | I should like to close the window. It is cold in the room. · Can I close the window? It is cold in the room. | ||
1. Let me do what I want to.
2. They wish to spend the day on the sea-shore.
3. You must let us stay here.
4. I shall come tomorrow.
5. Is swimming allowed here?
6. She wants to telephone you tomorrow.
7. Will you allow me to ask a question, please?
| Exercise 9. | Say the following using the given time-expressions, first for the future and then for the past. | ||
| e.g. | You can drive when you are 17/ after you got your driving licence. · You can drive when you are 17. · You could drive after you got your driving licence. | ||
1. He can leave it here. for an hour/ wherever he wanted to.
2. He can play chess. this afternoon/ when he was young.
3. We can do this exercise. next week/ last week.
4. She can cook very well. with more practice/ when I knew her.
5. She can make her own dresses. in a few years’ time/ before she got married.
6. She can read easily. with her new glasses/ before her eye trouble.
7. I can go swimming. when it is warmer/ whenever I liked.
8. She can play the piano. when her arm is better/ a few years ago.
9. John can stay up late. tonight/ even when he was a small boy.
10. We can speak English. soon/ when we were in London.
| Exercise 10. | Change the following sentences into the opposite by using a) can and b) may. | ||
| e.g. | You mustn’t sleep here. · You can sleep here. · You may sleep here. | ||
1. Visitors are not admitted here on Sundays.
2. You mustn’t give him any advice.
3. Anne ought not to help him.
4. You shouldn’t lose your temper.
5. You can’t telephone from here.
6. Don’t get rid of that car.
7. You can’t drink coffee late at night.
8. You mustn’t throw stones on the lawn.
Exercise 11. Rewrite the underlined sentences using can’t.
| e.g. | She looks so young. I’m sure she’s not thirty yet. · She can’t be thirty yet. |
1. It’s still quite early. I’m sure it’s not ten o’clock......
2. She doesn’t look at all like Mary. I’m sure she isn’t her sister......
3. He’s been very ill lately. He’s probably not very well even now......
4. There’s no answer. They’re probably not in......
5. If you live near Coventry, you aren’t very far from Birmingham......
6. He looks very ill. I’m sure he’s not feeling very well......
Exercise 12. Complete the sentences using can or could and the verbs in
the box. Use each verb only once.
| grow be make reach live survive cross |
1. Tigers ______ dangerous.
2. Elephants ______ for up to 70 years.
3. Temperatures near the South Pole ______ minus 43 degrees centigrade.
4. A hundred years ago ships ______ the Atlantic in 10 days.
5. Camels ______ for up to 17 weeks in the desert without water.
6. Dinosaurs ______ up to 5 metres long.
7. Anyone ______ mistakes.
Exercise 13. Translate from Russian into English.
1. Íå îñòàâëÿé ðåáåíêà îäíîãî. Îí áóäåò ïëàêàòü. 2. Íå ãîâîðè áàáóøêå îá ýòîì. Îíà áóäåò âîð÷àòü. 3. Íå çâîíè èì â 7 óòðà. Îíè áóäóò ñïàòü. 4. ×òî âû áóäåòå äåëàòü â ýòî âðåìÿ íà ñëåäóþùåé íåäåëå? – Ìû áóäåì êóïàòüñÿ â ×åðíîì ìîðå. 5. ×òî îíà áóäåò äåëàòü çàâòðà íà êîíöåðòå? – Îíà áóäåò ïåòü íàðîäíûå ïåñíè. 6. Âû ìîæåòå âçÿòü ìîé ôîòîàïïàðàò, åñëè õîòèòå. 7. Îí ìîã áåãëî ãîâîðèòü ïî-àíãëèéñêè. 8. Ìû ìîæåì âèäåòü ìîðå èç îêíà íàøåé ñïàëüíè. 9. Êîãäà ìíå áûëî 5 ëåò, ÿ óìåë êàòàòüñÿ íà âåëîñèïåäå. 10. Êîãäà ìíå áûëî 4 ãîäà, ÿ óìåë ñ÷èòàòü äî äåñÿòè.
SOME MORE PRACTICE
Task 1. Look at the table and write how much these people will have saved.
| Terry Janet Ted Maria Barry Jeff Helen Celia Betty John | £ 50 a month £ 8 a week £ 65 a month £ 100 a month spends everything £ 6 a week £ 70 a month doesn’t save £ 10 a week spends everything |
| e.g. | How much will Terry have saved in 2 months’ time? · Terry will have saved £ 100 in 2 months’ time. | ||
| 1. Terry, in 3 months’ time? 2. Janet, in 6 weeks’ time? 3. Ted, in 4 months’ time? 4. Maria, in 6 months’ time? 5. Barry, in a month’s time? | 6. Jeff, in 10 weeks’ time? 7. Helen, in 3 months’ time? 8. Celia, in a month’s time? 9. Betty, in 10 weeks’ time? 10. John, in 10 weeks’ time? | ||
11. How much will you have saved six months from now?
Task 2. Read the text and answer the questions:
1. What is Feng Shui?
2. What side should your breakfast place be facing?
3. What things could make you feel positive at breakfast?
“The Feng Shui Way”
Feng Shui (pronounced ‘fung shway’) is a Chinese system for deciding the right position for a building and for placing objects inside a building in order to make people feel comfortable and happy.
The right breakfast can make or break your day according to Feng Shui consultant, Simon Brown. And it’s no good just eating the right food either – you’ve got to eat it in the right place.
Morning is very important time because it’s the transition from sleeping to waking. It’s best to wake naturally, by sunlight flooding into the room, or from a rumbling stomach. Parents will find it easier to get children out of bed if they need breakfast. By eating their last meal between six and seven the night before, their food is properly digested by bedtime, and they’re hungry in the morning.
When you’ve made your way to the table, you should find it an inspiring place to start the day. If you get off on the wrong foot, you can usually guarantee the rest of the day will go from bad to worse.
Ideally, your breakfast place should be facing east, so you see the sun rising over your bowl of corn-flakes. You can also create a Feng Shui environment with plants and fresh flowers. Failing that, inspire yourself with a picture on the wall to look at while you eat. Simon explains, “Look around the room and think about the things that make you feel positive. Have a picture of something that motivates you, like a photo of a holiday destination you’re saving up to visit or a car you would love to buy”.
UNIT 14
| Grammar: Texts: Dialogue: | 1. Modal Verbs “ must, have to, should” 2. Reported Speech 3. Articles with Place Names 1. «It Might Be Chocolates» 2. «Strange Laws» 3. «Race to the South Pole» 1. «Dial 999» |
Text One
«It Might Be Chocolates»
Vocabulary:
|
Andy looked at the stamps. ‘It can’t be,’ he said. ‘It’s from Holland.’ Kate looked at the postmark. ‘On the other hand, it could be from Cindy. She’s in Europe. It’s probably chocolates’, she added, feeling the parcel, which was in the shape of a box. ‘Mmm, I’d love one right now!’ said Andy, ‘Mum won’t mind if we open it.’
At that moment, Mrs Morgan came into the kitchen. ‘Oh good!’ she said. ‘My tulip bulbs from Amsterdam have arrived! Perhaps you two would like to help me plant them!’
Text Two
«Strange Laws»
| Vocabulary: illegal a shoe lace to flush the toilet upside down to get a licence a swimsuit to drag |
In Switzerland, you can’t wash your car, mow your lawn or hang clothes out to dry on Sunday. It is also against the law to flush the toilet after 10 p.m. if you live in an apartment.
In Singapore, it is illegal to chew gum or drop litter. You can’t smoke in public places.
In Saudi Arabia, women can’t drive cars.
In England, you mustn’t stick a stamp on an envelope upside down if it has the Queen’s picture on it. It is illegal to leave bags unattended.
Every man must grow a beard in Brainerd, Minnesota.
Between the hours of 8 a.m. and 8 p.m. in France, 70 per cent of music on the radio has to be by French artists.
In Kentucky, USA, you mustn’t marry the same man more than three times.
If you have more than one child in China, you have to pay a fine.
In Denmark, you can’t start your car when someone is lying underneath it.
In Italy, men mustn’t wear skirts.
You have to get a licence to paint your house in Sweden.
In Florida, USA, you mustn’t sing in a public place while you are wearing a swimsuit.
In Toronto, Canada, you can’t drag a dead horse down Yonge Street on Sunday.
And if you are in Hawaii and you are laughing at these strange laws, don’t! In Hawaii, you mustn’t laugh after 10 p.m.
Text Three
«Race to the South Pole»
Vocabulary:
|
During the polar summer of 1910 – 1911, both teams organized food depots in preparation for their expeditions the following year.
Amundsen was the first to leave, on 15 October, 1911. He had teams of dogs pulling the sledges and all his men were on skis. Because of this he made rapid progress. Scott left on 1 November and soon had problems. First, his two motor sledges broke down, and then the ponies began to have serious difficulties with the snow and the cold. After a while, Scott and his men had to push the sledges themselves.
Amundsen reached the Pole on 14 December and put a Norwegian flag there. Scott finally arrived at the Pole with four companions on 17 January. They were devastated when they saw the Norwegian flag.
Their return journey was one of the worst in the history of exploration. Scott and his companions didn’t survive the return journey. Scott’s diary was found beside his body.
16 or 17 March
Things are getting worse. Two days ago, at noon, poor Titus Oates said he couldn’t continue because of his leg. He asked us to leave him in his sleeping bag. We could not do that. We completed our afternoon march. At night he was worse, and we knew that the end was near. Oates’ last thoughts were of his Mother. Hope never left him before the end. There was a wild snowstorm. He said ‘I am just going outside. I may be sometime.’ He went out into the snowstorm, and we have not seen him since. We knew that poor Oates was walking away to die. It was an act of a brave man. We all hope to meet the end with this kind of courage – and surely death is not far away. We talk all the time of completing the trip. But I don’t think any of us believes it in his heart.
The news of Scott’s death shocked the world. He had failed to win the race to the Pole, but the remarkable courage shown by Captain Scott and his men made them into heroes.
Dialogue
«Dial 999»
| Nancy: Harold: Peter: Harold: Nancy: Harold: Nancy: Harold: Nancy: Harold: Peter: Harold: Nancy: Harold: Peter: Harold: Peter: Nancy: Peter: Harold: Peter: Nancy: Peter: Harold: Nancy: Peter: Harold: Peter: | Gosh, it’s dark here.
Switch on your torch, Peter.
All right.
Yes, that’s better. Now we can see more. Nancy, there are some steps here. Watch it.
!!!
What’s the matter, Nancy? Did you hear something?
No, I didn’t hear anything. It’s only the wind. There it is again. Yes, now I hear something. What is it? I think it’s an animal. Yes, it’s a rat. There it goes. It’s only a rat. Were you afraid, Nancy? A bit. I don’t like it. Be careful, Peter. These steps aren’t safe. Watch it. Help! Peter, where are you? Here, at the bottom of the steps. Oh, dear, are you all right? Yes, nothing broken. But look at all these boxes. Give me the torch, Nancy, please. Look. Small packets with white powder. Drugs! Do you remember that news about drug smuggling on the south coast? That’s it. These are the stolen drugs. We must tell the police. But there’s no telephone here. Of course not. But they’ve got a telephone at the farm. Peter, you must run to the farm and call the police. We’ll stay here, and have a look round. All right? All right. So long............ Mrs McDonald! Can I use the telephone, please? |
Mrs McDonald: It’s in the dining-room near the door. Was there an accident?
Peter: No, we have found the drugs.
Mrs McDonald: The drugs? What drugs?
| Peter: | The Police. Uncle David. Dial 999. 999 |
Uncle David: Police station. Sergeant Robinson speaking.
| Peter: David: Peter: David: Peter: David: Peter: David: Peter: | Hello, is that you, Uncle David? This is Peter. What’s the matter? Well, we were in the castle, and I fell into a cellar and then we saw boxes. Boxes? Yes, and in those boxes were small packets of drugs. I’ll come at once. Where are you now? I’m calling from the McDonald’s farm Wait for me there. I’ll be with you in a few minutes. All right. |
Grammar Notes: Forms and Patterns.
1. Modal verbs “ must, have to, should”
(a) Forms
| Positive and Negative | Questions | |||||
| I you he/she/it we they | must mustn’t should shouldn’t | do it. | Must Should | I you he/she/it we they | do it? | |
| Positive and Negative | Questions | ||||||||
| I We You They | have don’t have | to work hard. | Do | I we you they | have to work hard? | ||||
| He She It | has doesn’t have | Does | he she it | ||||||
(b) Meaning.
· We use must to express:
(i) obligation: e.g. You must be in at 8 sharp.
(ii) logical deduction: e.g. Tom left at 8; he must be at home by now.
(iii) strong prohibition (mustn’t): e.g. Children mustn’t play with matches.
· We use should to express duty and advisability:
| e.g. You should help the poor. You shouldn’t tell lies. |
· We use have to to express strong obligation. The obligation comes from «outside» – perhaps a law, a rule at school or work, or someone in authority.
| e.g. I have to work at the week-ends. |
2. Reported Speech
(a) Meaning.
We use direct speech to state a speaker’s exact words.
We use reported speech to communicate a person’s words to another person.
| e.g. | ‘I can’t continue’, Oates said. (direct speech). Oates said (that) he couldn’t continue. (reported speech) |
(b) Reported statements.
The usual rule is that the verb form moves «one tense back».
Present ® past
| e.g. | ‘I love you’. ® He said (that) he loved me. ‘I’ m going out now’. ® Ann said (that) she was going out. |
Present Perfect ® Past Perfect
| e.g. | ‘We have met before?’ ® She said they had met before. |
Past Simple ® Past Perfect
| e.g. | ‘We met in 1997’. ® He said they had met in 1997. |
Will ® would
| e.g. | ‘I’ ll mend it for you’. ® She said that she would mend it for me. |
Can ® could
| e.g. | ‘I can swim,’ ® She said she could swim. |
Besides verb changes there are changes of the pronouns and the time adverbials.
| Pronouns | Time adverbials | |||||
| I/you we/you me/you us/you this these | ® ® ® ® ® ® | he/she they him/her them that those | yesterday today tomorrow last week a month ago next week | ® ® ® ® ® ® | the day before/previous day that day the next day the week before a month before the following week | |
(ñ) Reported questions.
· The verb form also moves «one tense back».
Present ® past
| e.g. | ‘Do you like school?’ ® He asked me if I liked school. |
Present Perfect ® Past Perfect
| e.g. | ‘ Have you met my wife?’ ® He asked if I had met his wife. |
· The word order in the reported question is the same as the statement.
| e.g. | ‘I was going home.’ ® He asked me where I was going. ‘She lived in Rome.’ ® I asked her where she lived. |
(d) Reported Commands.
| subject | + reporting verb | + indirect object | + infinitive |
| He | told | them | to go away. |
| He | advised | me | not to tell anyone. |
3. Articles with Place Names
A. Place names with no article:
| continents, most countries, states | Africa Germany California |
| towns, villages | Sydney Tokyo Bilbao |
| individual islands | Crete Long Island |
| lakes | Lake Michigan Lake Geneva |
| individual mountains | Mount Everest Mount Fuji |
| most streets | Oxford Street Fifth Avenue |
| town + buildings | Oxford University York Airport |
| But: | the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands |
B. Place names with the:
| oceans, seas, rivers | the Pacific the Mediterranean the Nile |
| canals | the Panama Canal the Suez Canal |
| deserts | the Sahara the Kalahari |
| island groups | the Canaries |
| mountain ranges | the Alps |
| most geographical regions | the North/South Pole, the Middle East, the Costa Brava |
C. Place names with no article or the:
| theatres | Her Majesty’s, the Globe |
| hotels | Brown’s, the Hilton |
| restaurants | Leoni’s, the Café Royal |
Drills
| Drill 1. | he – leave · Must he leave now? – No, he needn’t leave now. | ||
| 1. I – come 2. they – play 3. you – read 4. she answer | 5. he – hurry 6. they – go 7. you – pay 8. she decide | 9. they – talk 10. I – calculate 11. he – be present 12. they – change the clothes | |
| Drill 2. | The coat is probably very expensive. · The coat must be very expensive. |
1. This is probably the book Charles wants.
2. She’s probably very tired after the journey.
3. Ann is probably ready for the journey.
4. It’s probably very nice to be in London now.
5. That is probably the best theatre here.
6. The children are probably very happy now.
7. Your friend is probably over 20.
8. This is probably Mary’s suit-case.
9. Your passport is probably at home.
10. He’s probably an Italian.
| Drill 3. | When must you come home? (a quarter to nine) · I must come home at a quarter to nine. |
1. When must I go to school? (5 minutes past 3)
2. When must Bob telephone you? (at a quarter past 6)
3. When must mother drive to Brisbane? (10 minutes past 5)
4. When must your parents be there? (16.30)
5. When must Margaret type the letter? (14.20)
6. When must you and your brother play tennis? (11.25)
7. When must the bus be there? (14.35)
| Drill 4. | Did you ask the girl? · No, but I’ll have to ask her. |
1. Did you think about the questions?
2. Did you read the book?
3. Did you see the man?
4. Did you meet their children?
5. Did you know his sister?
| Drill 5. | I’ve got an awful headache. (take an aspirin) · I must take an aspirin. |
1. My watch is broken. (take it to be repaired)
2. My car is very dirty. (wash it)
3. I’ve got a terrible cold and a cough. (go to the doctor’s)
4. I’m getting too fat. (lose weight)
5. I’ve got an awful toothache. (go to the dentist’s)
6. I smoke too many cigarettes. (stop smoking)
7. I’ve got a pile of unpaid bills. (pay them)
8. I’ve written three important letters. (post them immediately)
9. My hair’s too long. (have it cut)
10. The kitchen is in a mess. (tidy it up)
| Drill 6. | Do we have to read this article for today? (No, for tomorrow) · No, we have to read it for tomorrow. |
1. Do you have to go shopping in the afternoon? (No, right now)
2. Do they have to work in the lab now? (No, from one till two)
3. Do you have to take this medicine once a day? (No, three times a day)
4. Does she have to meet her little sister after school? (No, after the theatre)
5. Does Peter have to ring you up in the morning? (No, in the evening)
6. Do they have to write a dictation tomorrow? (No, today)
7. Do we have to come here at seven? (No, at eight)
8. Do they have to start the experiment now? (No, tomorrow morning)
| Drill 7. | Mrs Brown is not well. (see a doctor) · She should see a doctor. |
1. John is so untidy. (be neater)
2. Mary is so selfish. (help her relatives)
3. Mr. Brown isn’t punctual. (come on time)
4. Your friend is very rude. (be more polite)
5. Jane is so extravagant. (spend less on clothes)
6. Grandfather is so forgetful. (write down telephone messages)
7. The boys are idle too often. (study more)
8. Your friend works too much. (have a rest)
| Drill 8. | Don’t drink this medicine now. (in an hour) · You should drink it in an hour. |
1. Don’t order a taxi now. (in the afternoon)
2. Don’t wash your dog now. (when you come back)
3. Don’t take off your coat now. (when it gets warmer)
4. Don’t cross the road now. (when there is no traffic)
5. Don’t speak to him now. (when he isn’t so busy)
6. Don’t write in pencil. (in ink)
7. Don’t copy the text here. (at home)
8. Don’t wake him up now. (in half an hour)
| Drill 9. | Steve drives too fast. · He shouldn’t drive so fast. | ||
| 1. Liz spends too much money. 2. Zed talks too much. 3. Jenny works too hard. | 4. Young people get married too early. 5. Steve smokes too much. | ||
| Drill 10. | There is a house where several things are in the wrong rooms. Where should they be? | ||
| e.g. | The fridge is in the bathroom. (kitchen) · The fridge shouldn’t be in the bathroom. It should be in the kitchen. | ||
1. The washing machine is in the attic. (kitchen)
2. The dishwasher is in the bedroom. (kitchen)
3. The dining table is in the bedroom. (living room)
4. The bed is in the study. (bedroom)
5. The typewriter is in the bathroom. (study)
6. The telephone is in the bathroom. (hall or living room)
7. The wardrobe is in the living room. (bedroom)
8. The saucepans are in the living room. (kitchen)
9. The cooker is in the hall. (kitchen)
10. The sofa is in the hall. (living room)
11. The bicycle is in the kitchen. (garage)
12. The television is in the kitchen. (living room)
13. The armchair is in the garage. (living room)
14. The pictures are in the garage. (living room)
| Drill 11. | «I’m going out» – What does she say? · She says (that) she’s going out. |
1. «We’ll be here on time.» – What does she say?
2. «I have lost my money.» – What does she say?
3. «I go to the reading-hall every other day.» – What does she say?
4. «I went there with a friend of mine.» – What does she say?
5. «I’m going to the theatre with my cousin.» – What does she say?
6. «I had read “ Hamlet” in English before I went to see it.» – What does she say?
7. «This book is still up-to-date.» – What does she say?
8. «I like apples better than oranges.» – What does she say?
| Drill 12. | «My train leaves at 5 sharp» – What did he say? · He said that his train left at 5 sharp. |
| What did he tell you? · He told me that his train left at 5 sharp. |
1. «My friend is waiting outside»
2. «I know these two girls quite well»
3. «We’re reading “ Oliver Twist” this term»
4. «Helen’s husband isn’t an engineer»
5. «We don’t remember where Bob lives»
6. «I’ve got two sisters besides Mary»
7. «I’m only 18»
8. «We’re going on an excursion to the British Museum»
| Drill 13. | «I met him last year» – What did he say? · He said that he had met him the previous year. |
| What did he tell you? · He told me that he had met him the previous year. |
1. «I’ve been ill for a fortnight»
2. «You came too late»
3. «We’ve been shopping all the morning»
4. «I had no time to look through the magazines»
5. «The Greens have been living here since 1978»
6. «I’ve read half the book already»
7. «My brother didn’t go fishing yesterday»
8. «We ate some four hours ago»
Vocabulary and Comprehension Exercises
Exercise 1. (Text 1) Answer the following questions.
1. Why did Kate think that the person at the door was the postman?
2. Who was the parcel for?
3. Why did Kate think it might be from their grandmother?
4. How did Andy know it wasn’t from her?
5. Why did Kate think it could be from Cindy?
6. Why did Kate think it might be chocolates?
7. What was in the box?
Exercise 2. (Text 2) Answer the following questions.
1. What must you wear when you go out in Thailand?
2. Where can’t you flush the toilet after 10 p.m.?
3. Where can’t women drive cars?
4. Where mustn’t you stick a stamp upside down on an envelope?
5. Where can’t you walk down the street with your laces undone?
6. What do you have to get if you want to paint your house in Sweden?
7. Where can you only have one child?
8. What can’t men wear in Italy?
9. Where do men have to grow beards?
10. When can’t you laugh at these laws in Hawaii?
Exercise 3. (Text 3) Answer the following questions.
1. When did Scott and Amundsen start their journeys?
2. Was Scott’s use of motor sledges and ponies a success?
3. Who travelled more quickly?
4. Did Scott’s expedition have a celebration when they got to the pole?
5. Did Scott and his companions survive the return journey?
6. Where was Scott’s diary found?
7. Why was it difficult for Oates to continue the journey?
8. What did Oates ask them to do?
9. Did Oates get better that night?
10. What was weather like?
11. What did Oates do?
12. Did he come back?
13. Did Scott and his companions think they were going to get back safely?
14. What news shocked the world?
15. What made Captain Scott and his men into heroes?
Exercise 4. (Dialogue) Answer the questions.
1. What was the noise that Nancy hears? What animal is it?
2. Was Nancy afraid?
3. Were the steps safe?
4. What did Peter find in the cellar?
5. Where did Peter go and why?
6. Where did Peter phone?
7. Whom did he speak to?
Exercise 5. Dictation-translation.
| A. B. C. | 1. Êàê-òî óòðîì â äâåðü ïîçâîíèëè. 2. Ýòî, äîëæíî áûòü, ïî÷òàëüîí. 3. Âîçìîæíî, ýòî îò áàáóøêè. Îíà ÷àñòî ïðèñûëàåò íàì ïîñûëêè. 4. Ýòîãî íå ìîæåò áûòü. Ýòî èç Ãîëëàíäèè. 5. Ìàìà íå áóäåò âîçðàæàòü, åñëè ìû îòêðîåì åå. 1.  Òàèëàíäå íà âàñ äîëæíà áûòü ðóáàøêà, åñëè âû âåäåòå ìàøèíó. 2.  Øâåéöàðèè âû íå äîëæíû ìûòü ìàøèíó, êîñèòü ëóæàéêó èëè âûâåøèâàòü ñóøèòü îäåæäó â âîñêðåñåíüå. 3.  Ñèíãàïóðå çàêîíîì çàïðåùàåòñÿ æåâàòü æâà÷êó èëè áðîñàòü ìóñîð. Âû íå äîëæíû êóðèòü â îáùåñòâåííûõ ìåñòàõ. 4.  Êåíòóêêè, ÑØÀ, âàì çàïðåùàåòñÿ âûõîäèòü çàìóæ çà îäíîãî è òîãî æå ÷åëîâåêà áîëüøå òðåõ ðàç. 5.  Èòàëèè ìóæ÷èíàì çàïðåùàåòñÿ íîñèòü þáêè. 1.  1910 ãîäó 1 èþíÿ êàïèòàí Ñêîòò óåõàë èç Ëîíäîíà, ÷òîáû îòïðàâèòüñÿ â ýêñïåäèöèþ â Àíòàðêòèäó. 2. Íà÷àëàñü ãîíêà íà Þæíûé ïîëþñ. 3. Àìóíäñåí îòïðàâèëñÿ ïåðâûì, 15 îêòÿáðÿ 1911. 4. Îí äâèãàëñÿ áûñòðî. 5. Ñêîòò è åãî ëþäè äîëæíû áûëè òîëêàòü ñàíè ñàìè. 6. Ñêîòò äîñòèã Þæíîãî ïîëþñà âìåñòå ñî ñâîèìè ÷åòûðüìÿ òîâàðèùàìè 17 ÿíâàðÿ. 7. Íîâîñòü î ãèáåëè Ñêîòòà ïîòðÿñëà ìèð. |
Grammar Exercises
Exercise 1. Put the following sentences: a) in the negative;
b) in the interrogative.
1. I must get there before eight.
2. You will have to come again.
3. They must leave before dinner.
4. She must wash up all the glasses.
5. We had to change our shoes.
6. You’ll have to pay him in advance.
7. Our teacher must write it on the blackboard.
8. We had to finish it by today.
9. You must answer at once.
10. I had to read it aloud.
Exercise 2. Put disjunctive questions to the following sentences.
1. We must write to her at once.
2. The man has to return the documents.
3. You don’t have to paint the doors green.
4. I must help Mary to cook dinner.
5. They must tell their friends about the plan.
6. They have to prepare it for Sunday.
7. We don’t have to take umbrellas.
8. Mary has to wait for the teacher.
Exercise 3. Make the following sentences refer to the past.
| 1. You must do it at once. 2. He mustn’t tell me. 3. She has to wash the glasses. 4. You’ll have to read it again. 5. They must sell it at once. 6. We shall have to leave in the morning. 7. I must work as hard as I can. | 8. I shall have to come again. 9. They must change their shoes. 10. We have to begin before 5 o’clock 11. He mustn’t read the whole book. 12. He has to go home early. | |||
| Exercise 4. | Change the sentences below so that they contain must. | |||
| e.g. | She is evidently in London. · She must be in London. | |||
1. Surely, you are mistaken.
2. She is likely to be in the library.
3. I’m sure she is right.
4. It is necessary for me to go down and arrange things.
5. Probably he knows this man.
6. Of course, she will help you.
7. There is little doubt that the first experiment will be of great importance.
8. No doubt she is a talented person.
9. Evidently she does not know the rule.
10. It is most probable that they are at school.
Exercise 5. Change the sentences below using must.
| e.g. | Pat is crazy if she wants to marry him. · Yes, Pat must be crazy if she wants to marry him. | I’m sure he is over 60 years old. · Yes, he must be 60 years old. |
1. But I think he is a millionaire, isn’t he?
2. John keeps buying Mary presents. I suppose he is in love with her.
3. But he didn’t buy her anything this week. I think he is broke again.
4. Mary didn’t answer when I phoned just now. I suppose she is away for the day.
5. She’s not with John or Peter. I expect she is with that man again.
6. He’s a terrible person. I suppose she likes him for his money.
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