Элементы, организующие текст

Элементы, организующие текст – это предлоги, союзы, союзные слова, наречия, которые помогают логически организовать текст в рамках отдельного предложения, или объединяя разные предложения. С их помощью можно передать, например, отношения причины и следствия, последовательности событий, противопоставления, ввести новые аргументы, привести пример, показать свое отношение к данному вопросу и др. Решить эту задачу помогают специальные выражения.

1. Для передачи последовательности событий, аргументов используются следующие выражения:

first (of all)… firstly... secondly... next... then... finally/lastly/last of all...

или

first...

then...

after that...

finally/in the end...

2.Новый аргумент или факт можно ввести с помощью:

~ вводных слов, относящихся ко всему предложению

furthermore..., moreover (более того)..., in addition (кроме того)..., as well (так же)…, besides (кроме того)... (все они являются признаком формального стиля).

~ предлогов

in addition to as well as besides

+ -ing forms or phrases

He has a profitable hotel business. In addition, he owns several restaurants.

In addition to his profitable hotel business, he owns several restaurants.

3. Личное мнение может быть передано с помощью:

Personally..., in my own opinion/view...

4. Примеры вводятся с помощью

For example..., for instance..., латинского выражения: e.g. и s uch as (которые не могут стоять в начале предложения):

The factory produces electrical goods, such as food mixers and other kitchen appliances.

5. Причина вводится с помощью:

~ союзов because, since, as, for которые имеют одинаковое значение потому что, поскольку, так как и могут стоять в начале предложения (кроме союза for):

As computer technology is creating a revolution in the classroom, teachers must rethink their roles.

Peter has given up sailing, for he doesn't have the time.

~ предлогов оn account of, because of, owing to and due to.

Everyone was depressed on account of the bad weather.

Due to and owing to также имеют значение because of, но при их употреблении важны грамматические различия:

Sue's success was due to her hard work.(noun + to be + due to)

Sue succeeded owing to her hard work.(verb + owing to)

6. Следствие (результат) вышеупомянутых событий можно передать с помощью:

Consequently / therefore/hence (следовательно)…, thereby (тем самым)…,

as a result (в результате)..., thus (таким образом).

Computers can remove many of the routine and boring tasks, thereby leaving us with more time for interesting, creative work.

7. Противопоставление может быть введено с помощью:

~ вводных слов o n the other hand (с другой стороны)..., however (однако)..., nevertheless (тем не менее)... in/by contrast (в противоположность)..., in comparison (для сравнения)... in fact (на самом деле). Запомните, что nevertheless может употребляться после but, а however – нет.

We worked hard, but nevertheless we failed.

~ предлогов

in spite of despite

(несмотря на)

+ noun phrase or -ing form

Despite all our efforts to save the school, the officials decided to close it.

~ союзов although (хотя), whereas (тогда как), but (однако)

Although we made great efforts to save the school, the officials decided to close it.

English is a Germanic language whereas French is descended from Latin.

8. Итог сказанному (написанному) можно подвести с помощью:

In conclusion (в заключение)..., to sum up (подводя итог)...

Упр. 8.15 Выберите правильный вариант из каждой пары.

1. Few children, fortunately, get diseases like polio and scarlet fever anymore because/because of immunization programmes are widespread.

11. Despite/Although his youth, he had a very mature approach to life.

12. The opposition parties voted against the proposal and thus/therefore prevented it from becoming a law.

13. It’s possible to take a vacation on a budget; for instance/on the contrary you can go camping.

14. There is no defect in the fuel system of the car. Hence/Also the fault appears to lie with the electrical system.

15. Some people think they will be able to remember everything. Indeed/In fact, they’ll forget a great deal.

16. Fines are a good way of punishing people. However/Since, they are of no use if they cannot be paid.

17. Because /Because of the severe damage,we will have to pay compensation.

18. Although /In spite of he failed many times, he didn't give up.

19. Cars will not run on petrol in future. Otherwise / Instead they will run on hydrogen.

20. We are planning a series of conferences next summer. Thus/Therefore, there will be a day on "New Technology" and a week on "Health in the Twenty-first Century".

21. We worked hard, but nevertheless/however we were unable to finish the job in time.

22. While/During greenfield sites are ideal for high-tech companies, they are less suited to heavy industries.

23. Our department does not deal with these matters. We are thus/ therefore unable to help.

24. My daughter has taken a job after school because/ so that she can buy a computer.

25. New technology can lead to a loss of jobs. E.g. /For example, a lot of jobs have disappeared through the use of computers.

26. The fans cheered immediately/as soon as they saw their favourite player.

27. Temperatures are likely to fall as/ consequently cold weather is moving in from the north.

28. Working from home is comfortable and convenient. On the other hand/ By contrast, one may miss the chance to discuss things with colleagues.

29. Mercury is a metal whereas/although it is a liquid at room temperature.

30. I locked the door so/so that nobody could come in.

31. By using coupons, you can get a discount on a lot of things such/such as groceries and toiletries.

32. The weatherman had promised sunny weather, but in fact/ indeed, it rained all day.

33. We should book in advance because/so that we won't need to worry about spaceon the ship.

34. The closure of the factory was due to/owing to a lack of orders.

35. At first/Firstly I didn’t enjoy the work. It took me a long time to get used to it.

36. There may be other planets in the universe like Earth, e.g./ i.e. planets with oxygen and water.

37. Beside/Besides literature, we have to study history and philosophy.

Упр. 8.16 Прочитайте текст. Для каждого пропуска выберите вариант ответа, который вы считаете правильным.