Определительные придаточные предложения

Oграничительные определительные придаточные предложения сообщают важную информацию о человеке или вещи, о которой идет речь.

Bill Gates has built a house that cost over $50 million.

Если относительное местоимение является дополнением в этом типе придаточных предложений, - оно может быть опущено.

The house Bill Gates has built overlooks a lake.

Выбор такого местоимения зависит от определяемого существительного:

who, whom - относятся к людям и домашним животным;

which - к предметам, собирательным существительным и к животным;

that, whose - применимы ко всем типам существительных.

Heограничительные определительные придаточные предложения сообщают дополнительную информацию о человеке или предмете, и выделяются запятыми. Они более характерны для письменного (более формального) английского. Неограничительные определеительные придаточные предложения вводятся союзами which, who/whom, whose. Союз which может относиться как к непосредственно стоящему перед ним существительному (неодушевленные предметы, животные), так и ко всему предшествующему предложению в целом.

He was a man of considerable inherited welth, which he ultimately spent on his experiments.

Small computers need only small amounts of power, which means that they will run on small batteries.

Союз that не употребляется в этом типе предложений.

**Упр. 8.6 Найдите все определительные (О) придаточные предложения в следующих предложениях. Укажите их количество в каждом предложении.

1. Pottery makers who used "the material of clay" for cooking utensils foreshadowed one of the early uses of aluminium that modern man developed.

2. Modern man struggled for many years to develop a process that he could use to separate aluminium from other elements to which it was bounded.

3. Until 1845, scientists failed to discover a process which could separate aluminium from its various alloys.

4. The particles of aluminium that were formed by early processes were no larger than the head of a pin.

5. In 1854 a Frenchman named Deville developed a process which produced lumps of aluminium that were the size of marble.

6. His process, which represented an important advance and which founded the aluminium industry, produced pure aluminium by chemical means.

7. The cost of the new metal, which was at first considered almost priceless, was $545 per pound in 1852.

8. Napoleon’s honoured guests were served with forks and spoons which were made of the new metal, but his less important guests had to use tableware which was made of less expensive metals such as gold and silver.

9. The price of the metal, which had surpassed even that of gold, fell rapidly in 1859 when French plants began full production.

10. France, where the process was developed, took an early lead in aluminium production.

Упр. 8.7 Прочитайте текст. Заполните пропуски определительными придаточными предложениями из предложенного списка.

THE MAN WHO COULD BUY ANYTHING

Bill Gates is the richest private citizen in the world. There is nothing (1) _______. Every morning, when his alarm clock goes off, the software tycoon is $20 million richer than when he went to bed. His wealth is based on his company, Microsoft, (2) _______. He has a personal fortune estimated at $18 billion, which is more than the annual economic output of over a hundred countries.

He is not shy about spending. He has built a mansion overlooking Lake Washington (3)_______ and TV monitors, some taking up an entire wall. Visitors are given a smart card encoded with their personal preferences, so that, as they wander from room to room, their favourite pictures will appear on the screens, and the music ­­­­­­­­­(4) _______ will play. The card is programmed so that only the most intimate friends can open all the doors.

Gates has been called ‘King of the Nerds’, but this is simply isn’t fair. In the ninth grade at school, Bill got A’s in all the subjects he took, (5)_______. Gates went on to Harvard University, (6)_______ in the same class as the girls (7)_______ by inserting a piece of software into the college computer. But he never finished college. When he left, he knew exactly what to do. He started up his own computer company.

The reason (8)_______ is because Gates saw that his fortune lay in software, not hardware. He became a billionaire at 31, and since then Microsoft has created Windows, which is a system (9)_______with a mouse.

Now the multi- billionaire, (10)_______ in two-thirds of the world’s computers, is developing the HPC, or hand-held personal computer. It his intention that there should be a computer in the pocket of everybody in the whole world.

а) he fancied

b) whose software is used

c) of which he owns 39% of shares

d) they like

e) that can be run by clicking on icons

f) why Microsoft has been so successful

g) he can’t afford.

h) where he managed to be

i) that he’s packed with high-tech gadgetry

j) which put him among the top ten students in the nation

Упр. 8.8 В следующих предложениях вставьте запятые, если это не ограничительное определительное придаточное предложение. Исключите (вычеркните) местоимение, где возможно, в ограничительных определительных придаточных предложениях.

Примеры:

Sheila, who I first got to know at university, was one of six children.

The man who you were talking to is a famous artist.

This is the story that amazed the world. (без изменений)

1. The thing that I most regret is not going to university.

2. My two daughters who are 16 and 13 are both interested in dancing.

3. The town where I was born has changed dramatically.

4. I didn't like the clothes which were in the sale.

5. Salt that comes from the sea is considered to be the best for cooking.

6. Salt whose qualities have been known since prehistoric times is used to season and preserve food.

7. The CD that I bought yesterday doesn't work.

8. You know the book that you paid $20 for? I just got it for $5.

9. The medicine that the doctor gave me had no effect at all.

10.Peter who couldn't see the screen decided to change his seat.

Упр. 8.9 Соедините главные предложения из колонки А с соответствующими придаточными из колонки В.

А	В
1 Have I told you recently 2 I have to do 3 I love garlic in all my food, 4 We're emigrating to Australia, 5 I met a girl 6 I passed all my exams, 7 Let me know 8 Being generous, I'll buy you	a. when you expect to arrive. b. where my brother lives. c. which greatly surprised my teachers. d. whose hair came down to her waist. e. how much I love you? f. whatever you want. g. which is why I'm always brushing my teeth. h. what I believe to be right.

Упр. 8.10 Закончите второе предложение так, чтобы оно имело тот же смысл, что и первое. Используйте выделенное слово и от 2 до 5 других слов.

1. A friend of mine owns four Mercedes.

who I have _______ four Mercedes.

2. We had this room redecorated last year.

which This _______ we had redecorated last year.

3. My cat just sleeps in front of the fire all day.

that I have _______ in front of the fire all day.

4. He is very fit because he trains every day.

why The _______ so fit is because he trains every day.

5. Queen Victoria was born in 1819.

when 1819 _______ Queen Victoria was born.

6. I borrowed a calculator from that girl.

whose That is _______ I borrowed.

7. Did they interview this man last night?

whom Is this _______ last night?

8. Both of her brothers are in the Navy.

who She has _______ in the Navy.

9. He has a house whose roof needs repairing.

which He has a house _______ needs repairing.

10. My father was brought up in this town.

where This is _______ my father was brought up.

Упр.8.11 Заполните пропуски относительным местоимением, где необходимо.

1. The lady _______ is sitting in the wheelchair is my grandmother.

2. I know an Italian restaurant _______ serves excellent home-made pasta.

3. I know an Italian restaurant _______ you can always get a table.

4. Uncle Tom earns a fortune, _______ is why I've asked him to lend me $1,000.

5. Sean is a child _______ people immediately like.

6. My daughter, _______ ambition is to emigrate to Australia, has finally got her visa.

7. I gave him a drink of water, _______ he drank thirstily.

8. The flight _______ we wanted to get was fully booked.

9. My Auntie's house is the place _______ I feel most at home.

10. This is the smallest car _______ has ever been made.

11. That's the man _______ wife left him because he kept his pet snake in their bedroom.

12. I love the things _______ you say to me.

13. I go shopping at the new shopping centre, _______ there's always free parking.

14. She told me she'd been married before, _______ I didn't realize.

15. _______ you do, don't touch that button. The machine will explode.

Упр. 8.12 Соедините 2 предложения в одно, поставив необходимый предлог после сказуемого в придаточном предложении.

Пример: I want you to meet the people. I work with them.

I want you to meet the people I work with.

1. This is the book. I was telling you about it.

2. She's a friend. I can always rely on her.

3. That's the man. The police were looking for him.

4. She recommended a book by Robert Palmer. I'd never heard of him.

5. The Prime Minister gave a good speech. I agree with his views.

6. He spoke about the environment. I care deeply about this.

7. What's that music? You're listening to it.

8. My daughter has started smoking. I disapprove of this.

9. It was a wonderful present. I was extremely grateful for it.

10. This is Bill. You have heard so much about him.

**Упр. 8.13 Найдите 14 бессоюзных определительных придаточных предложений в следующих предложениях.

1. The twenty-eight space missions the United States launched in the 1960’s and 1970’s involved very expensive spacecraft NASA could use only once.

2. The rocket system engineers designed launched the spacecraft successfully but burned up as it fell back to earth.

3. The capsule the astronauts rode in was also designed to be used only once.

4. The Space Transportation System (STS) program President Nixon approved in 1972 called for the development of a spacecraft NASA could reuse many times.

5. The design NASA selected for the STS program is made up of three basic parts.

6. The part the astronauts can control is the cargo-carrier.

7. The first STS flight NASA had originally scheduled for April 10 finally lifted off on Sunday, April 12, 1981.

8. The first launch was delayed because of a problem with the computer system the spacecraft used.

9. The astronaut NASA officials chose for the first STS flight had a great deal of experience because of the five other space flights he had made.

10.The STS flight NASA launched in April 1981 was intended to be the first of many shuttle flights the United States would send up in the following years.