Варіант 2

Вправа 1. Визначте видо-часову форму і стан дієслова-присудка, дайте його початкову форму. Перекладіть речення.

1. Copper was detected by the blue colour produced on addition of excess of ammonia.

2. It has been found that the therapeutic properties of galenicals are not always identical with those of pure alkaloids.

3. Ginseng glycosides are obtained by means of precipitation with ether from the hot alcoholic extracts of the roots.

4. The alcoholic solution will be poured into water and evaporated until the precipitate has coagulated.

5. It has been established experimentally that ginseng preparations have a very low toxicity.

Вправа 2. Перекладіть на українську мову, звертаючи увагу на сполучники.

1. Sulfonamide is assayed by solution in hydrochloric acid as well as the same method of assay is used for all N-substituted sulfonamides.

2. It may be noted that chlorine was present in the samples as an impurity.

3. She is not sure whether they calculated the amounts of substances involved in the reaction.

Вправа 3. Перекладіть на українську мову, звертаючи увагу на інфінітив.

1. Tswett was the first to use the chromatographic method and realized its potential importance.

2. To increase the sensitivity of measurements, blue and green light filters were used.

3. It is possible to prepare final products of a high degree of purity by a simpler procedure of purification.

Вправа 4. Перекладіть на українську мову, звертаючи увагу на суб’єктивний інфінітивний зворот.

1. Most of chemicals proved to be salts.

2. Proteins are considered to be particalarly important as the source of combined nitrogen in food stuffs.

3. Powered ergot was found to develop a strong odour of trimethylamine when treated with a sodium hydroxide solution.

4. These substances are not supposed to be sharply differentiated from one another.

5. The data obtained appear to be identical with the previous findings.

Вправа 5. Згрупуйте слова, згідно частинам мови.

prescription, medical, pharmacist, desirable, colourize, stable, natural, chemist, measurement, carbonate, solution, yellowish, sterilize, purification.

Вправа 6. Перепешіть та перекладіть текст.

THE SUPPOSITORY DOSAGE FORM

Suppositories have been defined as conveniently shaped medicated solids intended for insertion into one of the body orifices other than the oral cavity. To-day, suppository medication is generally limited to the rectum, vagina, or urethra. Suppositories can be classified into two large groups according to the method of manufacture; these are tableted or com­pressed powder suppositories and molded suppositories.

Tableted Suppositories. This form of suppository is similar to the compressed tablet for oral use both in manufacture and physical characteristics. Shape is the only outstanding difference between the two types of tablet forms. Generally, the tableted suppository is shaped to facilitate insertion in one of the body cavities. There are two types of tableted suppositories, the round, biconvex and the oblong, biconvex which are essentially identical in physical form with many oral tablets.

The following characteristics are usually found in tableted suppositories: hard surface which does not soften or melt, double ridges around the periphery or sides, and the ability to dissolve or disintegrate in water. Many tableted suppositories are coloured by the addition of dyes.

Molded Suppositories. While the tableted suppository is manufactured by compression of a granulated powder in a dye at relatively high pressure, the molded suppository is prepared, either by pouring a heated melt into a mold and cooling to solidify or by forcing low melting wax-like mixtures into molds. The molded suppositories prepared from a melt will frequently have a thin edge projecting from the main part of the suppository.

Unlike the tableted suppositories the material used as a base for the molded suppositories has a definite but unfortunately not consistent effect on the physical characteristics of the suppository. One of the most popular materials used as a suppository base is cocoa butter (the obroma oil). Cocoa butter has a very characteristic chocolate-like taste depending on its method of extraction from the cocoa beans. This characteristic odour of cocoa butter is often masked or changed completely when mixed with drugs such as phenol and chloral nitrate. The texture of cocoa butter suppositories can usually be distinguished from the polyethylene glycol base suppositories which have a dry slippery feel much like soap. Glicirinated gelatin suppositories are usually rubbery and translucent.

Вправа 7. Дайте відповіді на наступні запитання:

1) What are the main characteristics of tableted suppositories?

2) How are the molded suppositories manufactured by?

3) What are the molded suppositories prepared from?

4) What is one of the most popular materials used a suppository base?

Вправа 8. Поставити речення у питальну форму.

1. The temperature above 60-80⁰ C has produced a marked change in the structure of egg albumin.

2. The protein are classified chiefly according to their solubility.

3. The application of different pressure during tabletting plays a very important role.

Вправа 9. Випишіть з тексту речення у Passive Voice та перекладіть їх.

Вправа 10. Утворити прикметники та перекласти їх.

- ive: penetrate, react, coagulate, reverse, success.

un-: solved, necessary, stable, treated, common.

Вариант 3.

Вправа 1. Визначте видо-часову форму і стан дієслова-присудка, дайте його початкову форму. Перекладіть речення.

1. A solution of the drug to be reduced in water or alcohol was prepared so that it contained from 5 to 30 mg of the substance per 5 ml.

2. Experimental evidence has shown that rimactane is significantly more effective in staphylococcal infections.

3. After the reaction had taken place, the product gave an intense colouration.

4. Steroids must pass through the liver where they are largely inactivated.

5. Some of microorganisms persist due to the development of secondary resistance.

Вправа 2. Перекладіть на українську мову, звертаючи увагу на сполучники.

1. The choice of base as well as acid for hydrolysis depends on the nature of the compound.

2. It is essential that the food of man and animals should contain small amounts of organic substances called vitamins.

3. It was not clear why the same adsorbent was not suitable for the separation of sodium constituent.

Вправа 3. Перекладіть на українську мову, звертаючи увагу на інфінітив.

1. Enough solvent was used to produce a mass having the necessary consistency into which the drug was suspended.

2. In order to effect the crystallization of solid acids the mixture is pumped through a four stage cooler unit.

3. The Russian surgeon Pirogov N. I. was the first who used anaesthesia at operations.

Вправа 4. Перекладіть на українську мову, звертаючи увагу на суб’єктивний інфінітивний зворот.

1. Amino-acids are known to be the final stage of protein hydrolysis.

2. Proteins are said to be amphoteric in character.

3. Digitalis preparations are mainly used for their action on the cardiac muscle.

4. Solubility is proved to have a constant temperature.

5. The mold was proved to grow neither without oxygen nor in pure glucose media.

Вправа 5. Згрупуйте слова, згідно частинам мови.

solve, preparation, precipitant, addition, colour, prepare, soluble, additional, accuracy, intensive, inventor, conduct, oxydize, filtration.

Вправа 6. Перепешіть та перекладіть текст.

CHROMATOGRAPHY

Chromatography has opened up new fields of medical research, which could not have been investigated so thoroughly and rapidly with older methods. The dispensary pharmacist gets along very well without using chromatography in his daily work; but many products on his shelves would not be there today if they had not been isolated and purified by chromatographic means. Chromatography has greatly extended our knowledge of biochemistry and drug metabolism.

Chromatography is a process for separating the components of a mixture by producing different rates of movement for each component in a countercurrent system. Different rates are thus produced for each solute, and a physical separation is achieved.

Chromatographic methods have developed so rapidly that they are now regarded as the most powerful tools available for the separation and purification of natural products.

In 1906 the Russian botanist Tswett published a description of his technique for separating the pigments of green leaves by adsorption onto columns of precipitated chalk. Instead of percolating a solution of the mixed pigments through the column Tswett applied a small quantity of pigment to the top of the packing and then ran a light petroleum solvent through it. This resulted in a gradual separation of a series of coloured bands moving down the column at different rates, each band representing a different pigment. Tswett referred to this technique for the first time as the “chromatographic method”. Apparently the first to realize its potential importance, Tswett is now generally regarded as the “father” of chromatography. However, little attention was paid to his observations for some 25 years, until interest in chromatography was revived in 1931 by the work of Kuhn, Lederer, and Wintersteiner, who separated the plant carotenoid pigments with this technique.

A major advance in chromatography was introduced by the development of synthetic ion exchange resins. The technique has been applied to a large number of organic compounds and has proved especially useful for separating acidic and basic substances from mixtures.

Вправа 7. Дайте відповіді на наступні запитання:

1) What role has chromatography played in medical research?

2) Who was the first to describe this method?

3) Where are chromatographic methods used?

4) When did a major advance in chromatography begin?

Вправа 8. Поставити речення у питальну форму.

1. The percentage of nitrogen in this protein has varied from 15 to 19.

2. The tablet is desintegrated when brought into contact with water.

3. The use of aerosol containers prevented contamination and drying out of the product.

Вправа 9. Випишіть з тексту речення у Passive Voice та перекладіть їх.

Вправа 10. Утворити прикметники та перекласти їх.

-ve: hypertension, express, connect, imagine, cause

un-: pleasant, cured, like, natural, steady.

Вариант 4.

Вправа 1. Визначте видо-часову форму і стан дієслова-присудка, дайте його початкову форму. Перекладіть речення.

1. It was not clear why the same absorbent was not suitable for the separation of sodium constituent.

2. The repeated experiment has shown that the composition of mixture can be calculated within 5%.

3. Comparative tests were made on potassium iodine tests solutions to determine the relative proportion of iodine to the intensity of colour produced.

4. After the catalyst had flocculated the solution was evaporated under reduced pressure.

5. The analyst determines the properties of cardiac glycosides.

Вправа 2. Перекладіть на українську мову, звертаючи увагу на сполучники.

1. It is evident that concentration of tetracucline in the blood is achieved following single or repeated doses.

2. The drug having the same activity in the lower corcenrations is preferred in case these two compounds possess the same systemic toxicity.

3. The dispersoid will not cause an increasing turbidity in the solution provided the solution tested contains no appereciable amounts of the substance.

Вправа 3. Перекладіть на українську мову, звертаючи увагу на інфінітив.

1. The material to be used as a base for the suppositiories has a definite constant effect on their characteristics.

2. To determine the proper proportion of water to be added, many tests have been made.

3. He was the first who applied the invention in this branch of science.

Вправа 4. Перекладіть на українську мову, звертаючи увагу на суб’єктивний інфінітивний зворот.

1. Acids and bases are known to react forming salts and water.

2. Penicillin is stated to be indicated in the treatment of infection.

3. This particular compound was not thought to react with calcium oxalate.

4. Paper filters are considired to be the most useful of all filters.

5. Calcium oxalate was found to be absent in foxglove preparations.

Вправа 5. Згрупуйте слова, згідно частинам мови.

difference, analyst, diminution, gradual, progress, form, action, progressive, use, digestion, utilise, fermentation, differ, crystalline.

Вправа 6. Перепешіть та перекладіть текст.

A SULFANILAMIDE AND ITS DERIVATIVES

The most important development in the history of chemotherapy was the discovery of the antibacterial powers of a-amino benzene sulfonamide and its derivatives. This compound is better known as sulfanilamide, which is a perfectly proper chemical name, since it is the amide of sulfanilic acid.

Synthesis. The fundamental intermediate common to all the derivatives of sulfanilamide is N-acetylsulfanilyl chloride.

On treatment with excess ammonia and hydrolysis of the acetyl group with excess mineral acid or base, sulfanilamide is produced.

The choice of base or acid for hydrolysis depends on the nature of the compound.

Sulfanilamide is a white, odourless, crystalline compound with a slightly sweet taste, melting range 164.5° to 166.5°, soluble in water. It is readily soluble in boiling water, hot alcohol, cold hydrochloric acid, cold dilute sodium hydroxide and cold acetone. It is soluble in ether, chloroform, and benzene. It is assayed by solution in hydrochloric acid and diazotization with standard sodium nitrate solution, using starch-iodine to determine the end point. This same method of assay is used for all N-substituted sulfanilamide.

Sulfanilamide is usually given in the form of tablets, in both mild and severe infections, the usual dose is calculated as 0.1 g per kilogram of body weight per day, divided into six parts and given at intervals of 4h, day and night until the temperature of the patient is normal for 5 days. The drug exhibits a number of toxic reactions such as dizziness, cyanosis, hemolytic anemia, psychosis, acidosis, fever, and rash. Adequate care by a physician is, therefore, essential in the use of the drug. Sodium bicarbonate is commonly given to counteract acidosis. It has been found that a-amino benzene acid in relatively small amount overcomes the antibacterial action of sulfanilamide and its derivatives.

The administration of local anesthetics derived from this compound, such as procaine, monocaine, etc., therefore, must be avoided.

Вправа 7. Дайте відповіді на наступні запитання:

When is sulfanilamide is produced? What does the choice of base or acid for hydrolysis depend on? What are the main characteristics of sulfanilamide? What dose is given in both mild and several infection?

Вправа 8. Поставити речення у питальну форму.

1. The progress of chemistry during the present century has taken place in all directions.

2. The development of colour depends upon the pH of the acid reagent.

3. Most alkaloids are precipitated from neutral or slightly acid solution.

Вправа 9. Випишіть з тексту речення у Passive Voice та перекладіть їх.

Вправа 10. Утворити прикметники та перекласти їх.

-ve: protect, attention, construct, act, relate

un-: usual, reversible, conscious, clean, covered.