Тема 7. Filing and Filing Tools

1. Memorize the following words:

filing	обробка напильником
fitting operation	операція з підгонки
file	напильник
mating surfaces	парні поверхні
hole	отвір
fine	дрібний
convex	випуклий
concave	вігнутий
strip	планка
rasp file	рашпиль

2. Read and translate the text.

FILING AND FILING TOOLS

Filing is the most widely used fitting operation in the practice of metalworking shops used for cutting metal by means of a tool known as a file. By means of a file it is possible to give a different shape and size to a workpiece, to fit one part to another, etc.

The most widely used operations with a file are: (1) filing separate surfaces, (2) filing mating surfaces, (3) filing holes.

A file is a hardened steel bar having a great number of fine cutting edges or teeth running diagonally across its face. These teeth can remove fine chips from a treated workpiece. A file differs from a chisel in having a large number of cutting points instead of one cutting edge and in being driven directly by hand instead of by hammer.

There are various kinds of files applied for finishing different workpieces depending on the shape of their surfaces.

Flat files are used for filing flat surfaces but the shape of the files is not quite flat because if the file had been made quite flat, it would have prevented the production of a flat surface, as the file would have cut away at the edges of a work and would have left a convex surface.

For filing convex and concave surfaces half-round files are used. A half-round file is made with a convex surface to prevent all the teeth from cutting at the same time, which requires too much pressure on the file, as well as to prevent the file from bending.

Square files are applied for filing square holes and rectangular grooves, while triangular or three-square files are used for filing angles.

Round files are used for filing round holes of small diameters, and for filing metal in narrow places diamond-shaped files made of copper strip into which diamond powder has been hammered, or knife files are used.

For filing soft metals rasp files or rasps are employed.

3. Answer the following questions.

1) What is filing?

2) What tools are used for filing operations?

3) What operations are performed with a file?

4) What is the difference between a file and a chisel?

5) How is cutting performed with a file?

4. Memorize the following grammar material:

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

(Теперішній завершений час)

+) Стверджувальна форма

I, we, you, they	have V3
he, she, it	has V3

–) заперечна форма

I, we, you, they	have not V3
he, she, it	has not V3

?) питальна форма

…Have	I, we, you, they	V3
… Has	he, she, it	V3

Цей час означає теперішню завершену дію, яка нещодавно відбулася і пов’язана з теперішнім часом. Перекладаємо минулою дією. Уживається зі словами: сьогодні – today, на цьому тижні – this week, цього місяця – this month, цього року – this year, нещодавно – recently, ще не – not yet, ніколи – never, уже – already, щойно – just, коли-небудь – ever, з (якогось часу) – since.

For example: I have worked hard today. They have invented an interesting device this month. Where have you been this week?

Примітка. Запам’ятайте фрази, які вживаються в теперішньому завершеному часі:

I haven’t seen you for ages.

He has never been to Paris.

I haven’t been to Kyiv since last year.

5. Open the brackets and put the verbs into the Past, Future, Present Continuous, Present Simple or Present Perfect tense.

1) I (to eat) already my breakfast. 2) We (not to discuss) this question yet. 3) You (to be) ever to Lviv? 4) He (to find) already some interesting material. 5) We (to speak) over the phone now. 6) They (not to watch) TV the whole evening yesterday?

7) What he (to do) from 2 till 3 o’clock tomorrow? 8) They (to learn) just new terms. 9) When he comes tomorrow you (to write) your homework. 10) I (not to go) to the library this week. 11) Who (to produce) this equipment this year? 12) They (not to open) their books yet. 13) What you (to see) now? 14) We (to write) the report this week. 15) They (to finish) their tasks yet? 16) He (to buy) a book at the moment.

6. Translate the following sentences into English.

1) Я зараз працюю над статтею. 2) Ми не читатимемо весь вечір завтра. 3) Вони щойно вивчали це обладнання. 4) Вони ще не відпочивали. 5) Коли ми зустріли їх, вони йшли до лабораторії. 6) Де ви щойно були? 7) Ми його дуже давно не бачили. 8) Хто зараз викладає цю дисципліну? 9) Ця компанія вже продала дві сотні приладів. 10) Директор ще не призначив нам зустріч. 11) Що ви будете читати весь вечір завтра? 12) Вона вже написала доповідь. 13) Напильник має велику кількість дрібних різальних зубців. 14) Ці зубці використовуються для видалення стружки з робочої поверхні. 15) Залежно від форми поверхні використовують різні види напильників.

7. Open the brackets. Put the verb into the Present Perfect.

1) I (to buy) a new car. 2) My father (to start) a new job. 3) He (to give up) smoking. 4) They (to go) to Ternopil. 5) Oles is looking for his key. He can’t find it. He (to lose) his key. 6) Masha can’t walk and her leg is in plaster. She (to break) her leg. 7) I was expecting a letter this morning. Now I have it. The letter (to arrive). 8) Last week the bus fare was 3 hrv. Now it is 4 hrv. The bus fare (to go up). 9) Would you like something to eat? No, thanks. I just (to have) lunch. 10) Do you know where Nastya is? Yes, I just (to see) her. 11) What time is Andriy leaving? He already (to leave). 12) What’s in the newspaper today? I don’t know. I (not to read) yet. 13) Is Anna coming to the cinema with us? No, she already (to see) the film. 14) Are your friends here yet? Yes, they just (to arrive). 15) What does the manager think about your plan? I (not to tell) yet.

8. Read the situations and write sentences with just, already or yet.

1) After lunch you go to see a friend at her house. She says “Would you like something to eat?” You say: No, thank you. I (to have lunch). 2) Illya goes out. Five minutes later, the phone rings and the caller says “Can I speak to Illya?” You say: I’m afraid he (to go out). 3) You are eating in a restaurant. The waiter thinks you have finished and starts to take your plate away. You say: Wait a minute! I (not to finish). 4) You are going to a restaurant this evening. You phone to reserve a table. Later your friend says “Shall I phone to reserve a table?” You say: No, I (to do) it. 5) You know that a friend of yours is looking for a job. Perhaps she has been successful. Ask her. You say: You (to find) a job? 6) Anna went to the bank, but a few minutes ago she returned. Somebody asks “Is Anna still at the bank?” You say: No, she (to come back).

9. Ask questions using present perfect.

1) You ever (to ride) a horse? 2) You ever (to be) to Lviv? 3) You ever (to run) a marathon? 4) You ever (to speak) to a famous person? 5) You always (to live) in this town? 6) What’s the most beautiful place you ever (to visit)?