Тема 10. Measuring Tools

1. Memorize the following words:

length	довжина
depth	глибина
scale	шкала
jaw	кулачок, губка
screw	гвинт, закручувати
rod	стержень, тяга
thimble	барабан мікрометра, ківш
spindle	шпиндель
thread plug gauge	різьбовий калібр
holder	ручка, утримувач
recess	заглиблення

2. Read and translate the text.

MEASURING TOOLS

Steel rulers serve for determining the length and sometimes the depth of the part to be measured. Steel rulers are graduated in millimeters, but in the USA and England they are graduated in thirty-seconds and sixty-fourths of an inch.

The outside calipers are the simplest instruments for measuring external diameters of the part. The outside caliper consists essentially of two curved legs.

The inside calipers are used for determining the internal diameters of the part. Its construction is almost similar to that of the outside calipers. Sometimes the outside calipers may be used for measuring internal diameters of the part. The outside and inside caliper measurements may be read by placing the legs of the calipers on a ruler and placing one leg and the end of the ruler against a flat surface.

Vernier calipers can be used for measuring both external and internal sizes of a part. By using vernier calipers measurements up to.001 may be determined. Vernier calipers consist of a primary steel scale and four jaws. Two jaws are integral with the scale and two jaws are attached to the frame sliding along the scale. The frame may be clamped on the scale in any position by means of an adjusting screw. The depth of recesses is measured with a depth rod. A vernier on the frame serves for measuring fractional parts of a millimetre.

3. Answer the following questions.

1) When do we use steel rulers?

2) What is the use of outside calipers?

3) What is the difference between outside and inside calipers?

4) When can vernier calipers be used?

4. Memorize the following grammar material:

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

(Теперішній завершено-тривалий час)

+) Стверджувальна форма

I, we, you, they	have been V1+ing
he, she, it	has been V1+ing

–) заперечна форма

I, we, you, they	have not been V1+ing
he, she, it	has not been V1+ing

?) питальна форма

…Have	I, we, you, they	been V1+ing
… Has	he, she, it	been V1+ing

Цей час означає теперішню дію, яка почалась у минулому і триває до цього часу. Перекладаємо теперішньою дією. Уживається зі словами: протягом години – for an hour, протягом місяця – for a month, довгий час – for a long time, з учорашнього дня – since yesterday, з 5 годин – since 5 o’clock, як довго – how long, з якого часу – since when.

For example: I have been working hard since morning. They have not been working here for a long time. Where have you been working for a month?

5. Open the brackets and put the verbs into the Present Continuous, Present Simple, Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous tense.

1) He (to do) his task now. 2) We (to go) to the library every week. 3) She (to write) her report for two hours. 4) What you (to do) since 2 o’clock? 5) You (to speak) over the phone now? 6) The employee (to sell) that equipment today? 7) He already (to answer) your questions. 8) He (not to help) us for a long time. 9) How long you (to prepare) your tasks? 10) What he (to write) for 3 hours? 11) He (not to go) to the laboratory at the moment. 12) Who (to watch) TV in the evening? 13) We (not to repair) his car now. 14) How long he (to type) his report? 15) The device (not to function) yet. 16) What you (to wait) for? 17) How long you (to wait) for the results?

18) What you (to translate) now? 19) How long you (to translate) this article? 20) We (to know) each other for a long time. 21) My brother (to live) in Kyiv. 22) How long he (to live) there? 23) They (not to work) since 9 o’clock. 24) She (to help) for a long time?

6. Translate the following sentences into English.

1) Ти вже прочитав цю статтю? 2) Він не продає подібне обладнання. 3) Цей інструмент працює вже три роки. 4) Що вони зараз вивчають? 5) Він працює зараз. 6) Він працює вже годину. 7) Що вони постійно продають? 8) Де вони зараз? 9) Вони у лабораторії. Вони проводять досліди з 9 години. 10) Вона живе у Луцьку. Вона там живе з минулого року. 11) Вона перекладає цю статтю вже дві години, але ще не зробила й половини. 12) Що ти робиш? Я читаю. 13) Ми читаємо з 10-ої години. 14) Чи ви коли-небудь були у Харкові? 15) Вона не бачила його цього тижня. 16) Вони зараз не виробляють цей прилад. 17)Як довго вона говорить по телефону? 18) Ми щойно закінчили цю роботу. 19) Вони зараз відвантажують товари. 20) Ви вже отримали наше замовлення? 21) Я працюю з 8 години. 22) Вони не відпочивають зараз.

7. Open the brackets using present perfect continuous or present perfect.

1) He (to read) for two hours. 2) He (to read) 60 pages so far. 3) She (to travel) for three months. 4) She (to visit) six countries so far. 5) She (to win) the national championship two times. 6) She (to play) tennis since she was nine. 7) They (to make) three films since they left college. 8) They (to make) films since they left college. 9) How long you (to learn) Polish? 10) How long he (to wait) for us? 11) He (to work) in the lab since morning. 12) He (to make) already some experiments. 13) I (to translate) this article for twenty minutes. 14) They (to write) already some exercises. 15) How long you (to work) at this project?

8. Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct them if they are wrong.

1) He is a friend of mine. I know him very well. 2) I know him for a long time. 3) They are married since July. 4) The weather is awful. It’s raining again. 5) It’s raining all day. 6) I like your house. How long are you living there? 7) He is working in a shop for the last few months. 8) I’m going to Lviv tomorrow. I’m staying there until next Friday. 9) Do you still smoke? No, I don’t smoke for years. 10) That’s a very old computer. How long do you have it?