Тема 3. Non-ferrous Metals

1. Memorize the following words:

thermal	тепловий
conductivity	провідність
resistance	стійкість, опір
weight	вага
lead	свинець
tough	жорсткий
wire	провід
lining	облицювання
pure	чистий
brass	латунь
application	застосування
mixture	суміш
ductile	пластичний, в’язкий
bearing	підшипник
straight bronze	олов’яниста бронза

2. Read and translate the text.

NON-FERROUS METALS

Non-ferrous metals are more expensive than ferrous metals and are used only when some characteristic not possessed by iron or steel is essential or desirable in application. These characteristics are high electrical and thermal conductivity, high corrosion resistance, non-magnetic qualities, light weight, etc.

The metals most frequently used to make non-ferrous metal castings are copper, tin, zinc, lead, nickel, gold and aluminium. Some of the basic non-ferrous metals and their characteristics are described below.

Copper is a reddish-brown, tough metal. It has very high electric conductivity and high corrosion-resistant qualities. Copper is used for making electrical contacts and wires, pipes, telephone cables, tanks, water heaters, etc.

Zinc is a hard, brittle, bluish-white metal that is employed in the pure form as sheet zinc.

Lead is a very heavy bluish-grey metal which is very soft. This is metal is highly resistant to corrosion, but its strength is so low that it must be supported by a core of some other metal. Lead is used for lining pipes, acid tanks and coating electrical cables.

Aluminium is a soft, silvery white metal. It is light in weight, has high corrosion-resistant qualities and is used for automobile and airplane parts as well as for making different light-weight objects used in everyday life such as frames, cooking utensils, chairs, etc.

Tin is a silvery, corrosion-resistant metal. Tin is hardly used in pure form, but is employed as an alloying element.

Nickel is a hard, tough, silvery metal. It has high corrosion-resistant qualities and is used for plating other metals such as iron or brass.

There are many applications of non-ferrous metals in the unalloyed state, but in most cases, some alloying element is added.

The above-mentioned non-ferrous metals may be mixed in various proportions to form many alloys, chief among them being brasses, bronzes, and aluminium alloys. There is a wide range of use for non-ferrous alloys. Their nature differs greatly from that of the ferrous group. By varying the proportions of non-ferrous metals, alloys that are hard or soft, weak or strong, can be produced. When alloying, the metal with the highest melting point should be melted first, then the one with the next highest melting point, and so on until all of the metals that are to make up the alloy are melted together. For example, to make a red-brass alloy, the copper is melted the first, then the zinc, then the lead, and at last the tin. As soon as the mixture is hot enough to run the castings, it should be taken out of the furnace, otherwise the zinc, tin and lead may burn away.

Brasses are yellowish or reddish alloys of copper and zinc in different proportions (about 60 per cent copper and 40 per cent zinc, but some brasses contain as high as 90 per cent copper with only 10 per cent zinc). An addition of tin makes brasses stronger. Brasses are very ductile and may be treated without heating them. They are corrosion-resistant and are used for making musical instruments, bearings, etc.

Bronze is an alloy containing primarily copper and tin, but other elements may be added to the alloy to increase its properties such as hardness and resistance to wear. The most common bronzes are known as straight bronze, phosphor bronze, and manganese bronze. Straight bronze is usually a mixture of copper and tin, but there are many bronzes that contain zinc and lead, especially the cheap mixtures. Phosphor bronze may be made by adding a little phosphorus to the mixture. If phosphor tin is used and alloyed with the copper, better results will be obtained than if the phosphorus is mixed with the copper. Manganese bronze alloys are usually made by using both copper that contains from 5 to 15 per cent of manganese and copper that contains no manganese.

Aluminium alloys. Aluminium is used extensively for casting that are to be light in weight, light in colour, or that must not rust. Since aluminium is too soft for making castings, it is necessary to mix some other metals with it. The metals that alloy freely with aluminium are copper, zinc, and iron. Usually, where aluminium alloys are made, the aluminium predominates.

All non-ferrous castings will take a high polish and will not rust so easily as the ferrous metals, a characteristic that makes them especially useful in wet or damp places. Non-ferrous metals are rather expensive and therefore nowadays scientists try to replace them with some ferrous alloys of lower cost possessing the same properties.

3. Answer the following questions.

1) What non-ferrous metals do you know?

2) What are the main characteristics of non-ferrous metals?

3) What are the properties of copper and what is it used for?

4) What do you know about lead?

5) What purposes is aluminium used for?

4. Memorize the following grammar material:

PAST SIMPLE TENSE

(Минулий неозначений час)

+) Стверджувальна форма

I, we, you, they, he, she, it

V2

–) заперечна форма

I, we, you, they, he, she, it

did not V1

?) питальна форма

…did

I, we, you, they, he, she, it

V1

Цей час означає минулу дію, яка може бути доконаного чи недоконаного виду. Уживається зі словами:

Учора – yesterday, минулого тижня – last week, минулого місяця – last month, минулого року – last year, минулого разу – last time, дві години тому – two hours ago.

For example: He helped you yesterday. They did not go to the conference last week. What did you learn two days ago?

Винятки: дієслово to be заперечну і питальну форми утворює без did; can має форму минулого часу could, заперечну і питальну форми утворює без did.

+) I, he, she, it was

we, you, they were

–) I, he, she, it was not

we, you, they were not

?) …Was I, he, she, it?

…Were we, you, they?

For example: Where were you yesterday? He was not at home yesterday. She was busy last week. He couldn’t come yesterday.

Irregular verbs

be	was, were	been
begin	began	begun
become	became	become
blow	blew	blown
break	broke	broken
bring	brought	brought
build	built	built
buy	bought	bought
catch	caught	caught
choose	chose	chosen
come	came	come
cost	cost	cost
cut	cut	cut
do	did	done
draw drink	drew drank	drawn drunk
drive	drove	driven
eat	ate	eaten
fall	fell	fallen
fight	fought	fought
find	found	found
fly	flew	flown
forbid	forbade	forbidden
forget	forgot	forgotten
forgive	forgave	forgiven
freeze	froze	frozen
get	got	got
give	gave	given
go	went	gone
grow	grew	grown
hang	hung	hung
have	had	had
hear	heard	heard
hold	held	held
hurt	hurt	hurt
keep	kept	kept
know	knew	known
lay	laid	laid
lead	led	led
learn	learnt	learnt
leave	left	left
let	let	let
lie	lay	lain
lose	lost	lost
make	made	made
mean	meant	meant
meet	met	met
pay	paid	paid
put	put	put
read	read	read
ring	rang	rung
run	ran	run
say	said	said
see	saw	seen
sell	sold	sold
send	sent	sent
show	showed	shown
sit	sat	sat
sleep	slept	slept
speak	spoke	spoken
spend	spent	spent
stand	stood	stood
take	took	taken
teach	taught	taught
tell	told	told
think	thought	thought
throw	threw	thrown
understand	understood	understood
wear	wore	worn
win	won	won
write	wrote	written

5. Open the brackets and put the verbs into the Past, Future or Present Simple tense.

1) They (to invent) a new device last week. 2) He usually (to come) to the University at 9 a.m. 3) We (to be) in Kharkiv last week. 4) That company (to produce) many devices every year. 5) They (to speak) about our order yesterday. 6) He (not to want) to enter that faculty last year. 7) The engineer (to discuss) that problem with you tomorrow. 8) He (to spend) a fortnight in their foreign branch in Poland last month. 9) Some employees (to repair) this car three days ago. 10) Where you (to place) your order? 11) Who (to take) my file yesterday? 12) The manager (to appoint) a meeting two days ago. 13) They (to choose) a very cheap device at this shop last week.

14) Who (to make) a decision about our trip to London? 15) Our secretary (not to phone) your manager last week.

6. Translate the following sentences into English.

1) Boни виграли це змагання минулого тижня. 2) Я не зрозуміла матеріал минулого заняття. 3) Вони замовлять цей пристрій наступного разу. 4) Директор забрав документи минулого разу. 5) Ця електронна система попередження (warning system) дуже дорого коштує. 6) Ми використовували цю систему на минулому лабораторному занятті. 7) Вони не знали визначення (definition) цих термінів. 8) Наші колеги запропонували якісне обладнання. 9) Ваш підрядчик зателефонує вам завтра. 10) Цей електронний пристрій коштував дорого. 11) Наша компанія отримала хороше замовлення. 12) Вони продали нові деталі досить швидко. 13) Які властивості кольорових металів ви знаєте? 14) Вони не виготовили нову систему попередження минулого місяця. 15) Він отримав кращі результати минулого разу.

7. Put one of these verbs in the sentences using the Past Simple tense: buy, catch, cost, drink, fall, hurt, sell, spend, teach, throw, win, write.

1) This computer programmer … a lot of games. 2) How did you learn to drive? My father … me. 3) We couldn’t afford to keep our car, so we …. it. 4) I was very thirsty. I … the water very quickly. 5) My friend and I played tennis yesterday. He’s much better than me, so he … easily. 6) My aunt … down the stairs this morning and … her leg. 7) He … the ball to Mary, who … it. 8) My friend …a lot of money yesterday. He … a laptop which … 9000 hrv.

8. A friend has just come back from the conference. You ask him about it. Write your questions.

1) (go/ alone?) 2) (where/ stay?) 3) (how long/ stay there?) 4) (meet/ anybody interesting?) 5) (what/ do in the evenings?) 6) (what interesting topics/ discuss?)

9. Complete the sentences. Put the verb into the correct form, positive or negative.

1) It was warm, so I (take) off my coat. 2) The film wasn’t very good. I (enjoy) it very much. 3) I knew Olga was very busy, so I (disturb) her. 4) I was very tired, so I (go) to bed early. 5) She wasn’t hungry, so she (eat) anything. 6) We went to Kate’s house but she (be) at home. 7) It was a funny situation but nobody (laugh). 8) The window was open and a bird (fly) into the room. 9) The chair was very uncomfortable. I (work) very well. 10) The hotel wasn’t very expensive. It (cost) very much. 11) I was in a hurry, so I (have) time to phone you. 12) It was hard work carrying the bags. They (be) very heavy. 13) Where you (be) yesterday? 14) He (develop) a new program last week. 15) You (use) that device two days ago? 16) I (can) come yesterday, I (be) very busy. 17) You (be) tired yesterday? 18) He (learn) the words yesterday and couldn’t translate the text. 19) We (not see) her yesterday. 20) They (invite) a famous professor from Poland last week. 21) When you (come) to the University yesterday? 22) The customs officer (examine) our luggage two hours ago. 23) They (not build) a bridge last year. 24) They (discuss) that problem at the conference.