Тема 2 Steel

1. Memorize the following words:

property	властивість
soft	м’який
tool	інструмент
in addition to	крім
quantity	кількість
high-speed steel	швидкоріжуча сталь
self-hardening steel	самозагартовуюча сталь
tungsten	вольфрам
increase	збільшувати, підвищувати
rust-resistant	стійкий до корозії
stainless steel	нержавіюча сталь
refractory	вогнетривкий
open grained	великозернистий
fuse	плавитися, сплавлятися
blowholes	бульбашки
green mould	сира ливарна форма
pattern	зразок, модель
strain	напруження, деформація

2. Read and translate the text.

STEEL

Steel is a ferrous material with some carbon content. There are two kinds of steel: carbon and alloy steel. The content of carbon in steel may vary from 0.1 to 1.0 per cent. Carbon steel should contain only iron and carbon without any other alloying elements and is divided into:

1) Machine steel with a low carbon content from 0.05 to 0.15 per cent.

2) Medium carbon steel with a carbon content from 0.15 to 0.6 per cent.

3) Tool steel with a high carbon content from 0.6 to 1.5 per cent.

Carbon steels are the most common steels used in industry, their properties depending only on the percentage of carbon they contain. Machine steels are very soft and can be used for making machine parts that do not need strength. Medium carbon steels are better grade and stronger that machine steels. Tool steels may be used for manufacturing tools and working parts of machines because of its strength and hardness.

Alloy steels are those in which in addition to carbon an alloying element is present in some appreciable quantity. They are divided into special alloy steels and high-speed steels which, in turn, are called “self-hardening steels”. Alloying elements of these steels are nickel, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, etc. These alloying elements have a definite effect on the characteristic of the steel; nickel increases its strength and hardness; a high percentage of chromium makes steel rust-resistant and in this case it is called “stainless steel”. The addition of some tungsten and molybdenum gives heat-resistant steel. Vanadium makes steel corrosion, shock and vibration-resistant. The sand used for making moulds for steel castings differs greatly from that used in other branches of moulding. It must be much more refractory and open grained, because the metal is poured at an extremely high temperature and solidifies rapidly. If the sand is not refractory enough, it will fuse with the metal. The sand being not open grained, the gases will not escape from the mould rapidly enough, and blowholes will be formed in the casting. Many good steel castings are obtained with green sand moulds. Sand moulds are made by shaping the moulding sand around a pattern which is to have the same shape as the finished object, but their size should be a little larger as the steel casting shrinks while cooling. Moulding sand is to be mixed with water in a certain proportion. Many of the smaller steel castings are used as they come from the moulds, but most of the larger ones have to be annealed to relieve the cooling strains formed when the metal solidifies. Steel can be used for a great variety of castings, and it can be cast into very large bodies.

Cast steel parts enter into the make-up of railroad equipment, agricultural machinery, and many other products where great strength is required. The tensile strength of steel castings is from 55,000 to 70,000 lbs. per square inch. Alloy steel castings are coming into more general use with each year, and they are influencing the manufacturing methods. It has been found possible to cast with this alloy some shapes that formerly were necessarily made in other ways. It is used in castings where the greatest strength is needed. Much research is being done to improve not only its strength, but also its wearing qualities. Castings are now produced that have a tensile strength from 70,000 to 150,000 lbs. per square inch, the strength depending upon the composition of the alloy and the method of heat treatment.

3. Answer the following questions.

1) What is steel?

2) What are the main types of steel depending on the carbon content?

3) What steels are the most widely used in industry?

4) What manufacturing purposes may tool steel be used for?

5) What is alloy steel?

4. Memorize the following grammar material:

FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE

(Майбутній неозначений час)

+) Стверджувальна форма

I, we,
he, she, it, you, they	will V1

–) заперечна форма

I, we,
he, she, it, you, they	will not V1

?) питальна форма

	I, we,
… will	he, she, it, you, they	V1

Цей час означає майбутню дію. Уживається зі словами:

Завтра – tomorrow, через два дні – in two days, за тиждень – in a week, наступного тижня – next week, наступного місяця – next month, наступного року – next year

For example: He will help you tomorrow. They will not go to the library next week. Where will you be tomorrow?

5. Open the brackets and put the verbs into the Future or Present Simple tense.

1) I (not to work) for this company next year. 2) They (to live) in Kyiv in three years. 3) This company always (to produce) cars of high quality. 4) You (to use) any electrical devices tomorrow? 5) The size of instruments (to become) smaller and smaller every year. 6) She (to learn) these terms next week. 7) The manager (to give)

some tasks tomorrow. 8) When you (to come) tomorrow? 9) He (to invite) us every week. 10) I (to know) this material very well. 11) He (to get) their message next week. 12) They often (to have) some interesting ideas. 13) When you (to read) this article? 14) He often (not to go) to the cinema. 15) We (to make) an order next month.

6. Translate the following sentences into English.

1) Він вивчить цей матеріал наступного разу. 2) Ми часто читаємо наукові статті. 3) Де ви будете завтра після занять? 4) Я не зможу допомогти тобі завтра. 5) Чи поїдеш ти до Києва наступного тижня? 6) Він не часто обговорює наукові проблеми. 7) Вона вирішить ці проблеми наступного тижня. 8) Маши-нобудування буде розвиватися з кожним роком. 9) Вона користується авто дуже часто. 10) Ця компанія отримає великі замовлення наступного місяця. 11) Він не може вирішувати такі питання. 12) Хто прийде на виставку завтра? 13) Чи вона добре знає властивості цього сплаву? 14) Які сплавні елементи можуть змінити властивості легованої сталі? 15) Де ви будете завтра?

7. Complete the sentences with I’ll+ a suitable verb.

1) I’m too tired to walk home. I think … a taxi. 2) It’s a bit cold in this room. Is it? … on the heating then. 3) We haven’t got any juice. Oh, haven’t we? … and get some. 4) Do you want me to do the washing-up? No, it’s all right. … it. 5) I don’t know how to use this computer. OK, … you. 6) Would you like tea or coffee? … coffee, please. 7) Goodbye! Have a nice holiday. Thanks … you a message. 8) Are you coming with us? No, I think …here.

8. Read the situations and write sentences with I think I’ll or I don’t think I’ll+ a suitable verb.

1) It’s a bit cold. You decide to close the window. You say… 2) You are feeling tired and it’s quite late. You decide to go home. You say … 3) A friend of yours offers you a lift in his car but you decide to walk. You say: Thank you but … 4) You arranged to play tennis today. Now you decide that you don’t want to play. You say: I don’t think … 5) You were going to the laboratory. Now you decide that you don’t want to go …

9. Put in will (‘ll) or won’t.

1) Can you wait for me? I … be very long. 2) There’s no need to take an umbrella with you. It … rain. 3) If you don’t eat anything now, you … be hungry later. 4) I’m sorry about what happened yesterday. It … happen again. 5) I’ve got some incredible news! You … never believe what’s happened. 6) Don’t ask her for advice. She … know what to do. 7) They … make an order next week. 8) I believe their devices … meet our requirements.