Find the English equivalents for the following. Give the situations in which these word combinations are used

Конкретні риси; охоплювати зміни за весь період життя; міжсуб'єктні зв'язки; модель поведінки, відповідь на стимул, емоційна подразнюваність; дослідження особистості та соціальної поведінки; стадії розвитку; отримати підтвердження з практики; акцентувати увагу на рольових відношеннях; засвоювати модель поведінки; підтримка; покарання; імітація; опосередкований досвід; перевести увагу на цінності; викликати почуття провини; сильні та слабкі сторони особистості", впливати на розвиток дитини; засвоювати тендерні ролі; факультативна роль; стосунки індивідів у групі; почуття самоідентифікації; прийти на допомогу; давати пояснення етико-моральним вчинкам; ототожнювати період дорослого віку з репродуктивною функцією; набути нових ознак; відчуття неперевершеності; життєві обставини; усвідомлення вічності; долати перехідні періоди; не відповідати стереотипу літньої людини.

1. Answer the questions on the text:

1. How can personality be defined?

2. What aspects of behaviour does our personality influence?

3. Has Sigmund Freud's theory anything to do with the investigation of personality?

4. How do physiologists try to explain the development of personality?

5. What is temperament?

6. What do cognitive theorists deal with?

7. How does socialization influence the developing of the child?

8. Is altruism positive or negative feature?

9. When does adolescence begin?

10. How do personal concerns change across the life span?

2. Fill in each blank with the vocabulary word that best fits the meaning of each sentence:

1. The fashion magazines show what the... woman is wearing this year.

2. The picture consisted of a lot of... spots of colour.

3. Parents usually inform their children about the changes at... and it is also taught at school.

4. Our problems seem... when compared to those of people who never get enough to eat.

5. This unfortunate incident may... the progress of the peace talks.

6. So many ideas! It's all rather too much for me... all at once.

7. We are all moved by the... of these poor homeless children.

8. Her life was... by ill health.

9. The opinions of his... are more important to him than his parents' ideas.

10. His family's success was a great... to him in his old age.

11. The course... the whole of English literature since 1850.

12. They... her suggestions into their plans.

3. Confirm or deny the following statements. Make use of the following phrases:

That's it! Precisely. Very true. I fully (quite) agree with you. I'm afraid not. You are not quite right, I'm sorry to say it. Far from it.

1. Temperament is an acquired, not inherent feature of each person.

2. The major approaches to personality, namely the biological perspective, Freud's psychosocial theory, the cognitive-developmental perspective, and the behavioural perspective contradict each other.

3. Family and the wider community exert a powerful influence on the child's development.

4. Gender roles are predetermined only by biology.

5. Social skills can be learnt by children only through interactions with their peers.

6. Adolescence is a transitional period between childhood and adulthood.

7. The major developmental task of adolescence is the establishment of identity.

8. Adulthood starts with the beginning of marital life of both men and women.

9. Major life transitions are coped with by most people traumatically.

4. Substitute the definitions for the words taken from the text:

1. The stage of change in the human body from childhood to the adult state in which it is possible to produce children.

2. A period between being a child and being an adult.

3. The condition of not living for ever.

4. An internal conflict which requires the adolescent to develop a new self-concept.

5. The whole nature or character of a particular person.

6. Making fit and training for life in a society.

7. Consideration of the happiness and good of others before one's own.

8. The individual's sense of personal sameness and continuity.

5. Complete the following sentences:

1. The biological perspective, Freud's psychosocial theory, the cognitive-developmental perspective, and the behavioural perspective are....

2. Cognitive theorists are interested in....

3. Physiologists explain the development of personality through....

4. Family, school, yard, city have great influence.

5. Through interactions with their peers....

6. As children grow, their concepts of altruism....

7. The major developmental task of adolescence is…

8. Adulthood can be characterized as a period....

6. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Теорія психосексуального розвитку Зиґмунда Фрейда суттєво вплинула на дослідження у сфері соціального розвитку особистості.

2. Через взаємодію зі своїми однолітками діти засвоюють соціальні навички, навчаються оцінювати себе шляхом порівняння з іншими та розвивають почуття належності до групи.

3. Фізіологи намагалися пояснити розвиток особистості та соціальної поведінки через принципи навчання.

4. Одним з аспектів особистості, на який впливає біологія, є темперамент, тобто модель діяльності, реакції на стимули, чутливості до емоційної стимуляції та загальний стан індивіда.

5. Наша особистість впливає на більшість аспектів нашої соціальної, емоційної та пізнавальної поведінки.

6. Когнітивних теоретиків особливо цікавлять механізми розуміння дитиною соціального світу та процеси, за допомогою яких дитина приходить до усвідомлення того, чому людина поводить себе певним чином у різних соціальних ситуаціях.

7. Індивідуальні особливості особистості найяскравіше виявляються в темпераменті, характері, здібностях, потребах та інтересах.

8. Характер включає індивідуально-психологічні властивості людини, які виявляються в її діяльності, суспільній поведінці, у ставленні до інших людей, до праці, оточення та самої себе.

9. Підростаючи, діти засвоюють моделі взаємовідносин та поведінки, які суспільство вважає доречними для їхньої статі.

10. Робота може впливати на інтелектуальний розвиток особистості, а особистість та життєві обставини можуть впливати на роботу.

7. Responsible, quick-tempered and generous are adjectives which describe people's character. Can you think of any more adjectives? Read the text and explain the words in bold as in the example:

E. g. Responsible people are those who you can always trust to do

what you ask them to do.

Read my Lips

Forget about fortune tellers and horoscopes. The shape of a person's lips can say a lot about them. The 5,000-year-old art of face reading is gaining popularity. So, take a look at the shape of someone's lips to find out about their personality...

People with full lips are usually responsible. You can always trust them to do what you ask them to do. They are also decisive; they make decisions quickly. On the other hand, they tend to be rather bossy. They like telling other people what to do!

People who have a thin upper lip and a full lower lip are energetic. They work very hard and like participating in a lot of activities. They are ambitious as well; they want to be successful in life. However, these people tend to be self-centred. They seem to only care about themselves and they sometimes forget about other people's feelings.

People with thin lips are determined; they know what they want and they do all they can to get it. They are careful people who do their work with a lot of attention and thought. However, they tend to be reserved; they don't like showing their feelings or expressing their opinions. They can also be mean; they don't like sharing things or spending money.

People who have lips with down-turning corners are very generous. They love giving things to other people and helping them. They are also intelligent and understand difficult subjects quickly and easily. On the other hand, they can be sensitive at times; they get upset easily, so be careful of what you say to them.

8. Read the text and underline the correct adjective as in the example.

My elder brother, Tom, is a singer. He is also my best friend. To begin with, he is a(n) 1) active/ caring/ helpful brother. I remember him sitting up with me all night once when I had a fever and could not sleep. Tom is very 2) generous/sensitive/ decisive and often brings us presents from the countries he visits. When he is not working, Tom is a(n) 3) confident/ lazy/ active person who enjoys climbing, sailing and cycling. He also has a really 4) outgoing/ loyal/cooperative personality and loves meeting new people. Tom is а 5) reserved/ determined/self-centred person and once he decides to do something, nothing can stop him. He is also very 6) ambitious/careful/ responsible and practises every day, because he wants to be a successful singer. However, he tends to be a bit 7) shy/ stubborn/ disorganized at times, refusing to admit that he may be wrong about something. Tom can also be rather 8) bossy/ arrogant/ selfish; he likes giving orders to others. All in all, Tom is very special to me as he is always there when I need him.

9. You are going to read an article about the actress Daryl Hannah. For questions 1—5 choose the best answer, A, В, C or D.

Daryl Hannah

The pretty mermaid looked up from the golden sand and the world fell in love with her. The film was Splash, and the mermaid was the famous actress, Daryl Hannah, who has also starred in such films as Roxanne and Blade Runner.

Daryl is tall and slender. She has got long blond hair, large blue eyes and stunning features. She looks fantastic in expensive clothes, but she prefers casual clothes which show off her natural beauty.

She is more than just another pretty face, however. She is a complicated person whose character has many sides. She is often in the public eye, but she is actually a very shy person who dislikes the crowds and noise of Hollywood parties. Her shyness is a problem which she is trying to overcome with her friends' help. She is not the sort of person who expects help without giving anything back, however. Daryl is an extremely caring person, and she says that she forgets her own problems when she is helping others. She is also a romantic who believes in true love, so she wants to find someone very special before she starts a family.

Daryl's lifestyle is quite simple. When she is not working, her favourite activities are gardening, playing the piano and making pottery, all of which reveal the creative side of her character. Daryl may prefer to sit in the shadows at parties, but when it comes to her beliefs she is not afraid to speak her mind. She has strong views on the environment. She believes that our modern lifestyle is destroying the environment. For this reason, she is currently looking for a place in the countryside where she can build an environmentally-friendly house. She says that she feels most relaxed when she is close to nature.

Underneath the success, shyness and simple lifestyle are Daryl's very strong views on life. As she says, "Find out what is important to you — and don't be afraid to live it!'

It is a pleasure to meet an actress who remains down-to-earth and sincere in a world where fame and success can often harm one's character.

1. In her everyday life Daryl Hannah

a) is successful and selfish.

b) enjoys big parties.

c) never goes to parties.

d) feels uncomfortable in large groups of people

2. One of Daryl's outstanding characteristics is that she;

a) is always asking her friends for help.

b) is willing to help others.

c) doesn't pay attention to her friends

d) gets others into trouble.

3. In her free time Daryl enjoys

a) doing creative activities.

b) being with simple people.

c) resting in her garden.

d) writing music.

4. Daryl wants to build her own home because she

a) cannot find one she likes.

b) cares about the environment.

c) wants people to know her views.

d) dislikes old houses.

5. The whole article tells us that Daryl

a) is only happy when she is not working.

b) likes being a film star.

c) does not have strong opinions.

d) is not a typical Hollywood actress.

10. Read the article again and answer the questions.

1. What films has Daryl Hannah acted in?

2. What does she have strong feelings about?

3. What sort of clothes does she prefer to wear?

4. What are her views on life?

11. Match the words to their opposites

Column A Column В

1) generous a) sad

2) cheerful b) unfriendly

3) outgoing c) talkative

4) friendly d) mean

5) quiet e) reserved

6) polite f) rude

12. Fill in the correct word derived from the words in bold

Astronauts have to be physically and mentally ready for the stress and strain of a space mission. To prepare them, astronauts are given 1)... (intense) training, which includes years of classroom study on 2)... (vary) technical subjects, and working in a model spaceship where they can practice 3)... (complicate) flight operations and become used to all the 4)... (equip) on board. Apart from high 5)... (intelligent), good qualifications and an excellent level of fitness, astronauts must have a strong character. They also have to be very 6)... (courage) in order to accept the high risks involved. Astronauts also have to face other, more ordinary problems in space. What can be very 7)... (annoy) is the limited variety of food, but the greatest challenge is getting along with other members of their team as they often come from different countries, with different backgrounds and habits. Therefore they must be very 8)... (patience) with each other, since the lack of privacy can become 9)... (irritate). All in all, it seems that being an astronaut is one of the most 10)... (challenge) jobs in the world.

13. Here's a list of adjectives describing qualities certain professions need. Read the sentences and fill in the correct adjective:

persuasive, brave, creative, patient, intelligent, polite, accurate, fair, friendly

1. Salespeople need to be... to get people to buy their products.

2. A scientist has to be... in order to understand complex theories.

3. Receptionists should be... in order to make people feel welcome.

4. Surgeons must be very... as they should not make mistakes in their work.

5. A shop assistant has to be... even when dealing with a rude customer.

6. Lifeguards have to be... as they often find themselves in dangerous situations.

7. Teachers need to be very... as students sometimes take a long time to learn things.

8. Judges should be... and give all the evidence equal consideration.

9. Fashion designers should be very... so that they can come up with new designs.

14. Render the text into English:

ТЕМПЕРАМЕНТ І ХАРАКТЕР

Кожна людина є неповторною особистістю. Вона має індивідуальні показники фізіологічних процесів і психічної діяльності. Люди по-різному пристосовуються до умов навколишнього середовища, по-різному поводяться в екстремальних ситуаціях, мають різні схильності й здібності, виявляють різну здатність до навчання й оволодіння різними професіями. Характеристика індивіда з боку динамічних особливостей його психіки називається темпераментом. Вчення про індивідуальність людини бере свій початок у найдавніших індійській, китайській та античній медицині. Давньогрецький лікар Гіппократ (460-377 pp. до н. е.) визначив широковідомі типи темпераменту: меланхолійний, флегматичний, сангвінічний, холеричний. Наукове обґрунтування темпераментів людини з позицій вчення про вищу нервову діяльність людини зробив російський фізіолог І. П. Павлов. Людям із сангвінічним типом темпераменту властиві широкі інтереси, допитливість, енергійність, велике самовладання й стриманість характеру. Люди з флегматичним типом темпераменту енергійні й наполегливі, їм властива постійність у звичках і прихильностях.

Люди холеричного типу темпераменту легко збуджуються, нестримані; вони енергійні, сміливі в судженнях, схильні до рішучих дій, але іноді необачні у своїх вчинках. Людям із меланхолійним типом темпераменту притаманні боязкість, замкненість, надмірна чутливість, схильність перебільшувати труднощі.

Якщо темперамент — це сукупність властивостей, які ґрунтуються на процесах дозрівання, то характер — це особливості, породжені загальними закономірностями психічного розвитку, серед яких особлива роль належить вихованню. Характер — це зафіксована у вигляді властивостей і сповнена глибокого змісту форма усталених стосунків індивіда зі світом. Характером пояснюють також вчинки й провини, життєві досягнення й невдачі. Поза сумнівом, це властивості індивідуальності, але, на відміну від властивостей нервової системи, темпераменту чи здібностей, вони відображають не динаміку чи результативність, а зміст стосунків людини зі світом.