From the history of psychology. 16. Read the article quickly and give a short summary of it:

16. Read the article quickly and give a short summary of it:

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was born May 6, 1856, in a small town Freiberg. His father was a wool merchant with a keen mind and a good sense of humor. His mother was a lively woman, her husband's second wife and 20 years younger. She was 21 years old when she gave birth to her first son, Sigmund. Sigmund had two older half- brothers and six younger siblings. When he was four or five, the family moved to Vienna, where he lived most of his life.

A brilliant child, always at the head of his class, he went to medical school, where he became involved in research under the direction of a physiology professor Ernst Briicke. Briicke believed in reductionism: "No other forces than the common physical-chemical ones are active within the organism. "

Freud concentrated on neurophysiology, but only a limited number of positions at the university were available. Briicke helped him to get a grant to study, first with the great psychiatrist Charcot in Paris, then with Bernheim. Both these gentlemen were investigating the use of hypnosis with hysterics.

After spending a short time as a neurologist and director of a children's ward in Berlin, he came back to Vienna, married his patient fiancee Martha Bernays, and set up a practice in neuropsychiatry, with the help of Joseph Breuer.

Freud's books and lectures brought him both fame and ostracism from the traditional medical community. He collected around him a number of very bright students who became the core of the psychoanalytic movement. Unfortunately, Freud rejected people who did not totally agree with him. Some separated from him on friendly terms; others did not, and continued research to found competing schools of thought.

Freud emigrated to England just before World War II when Vienna became an increasing dangerous place for Jews, especially ones as famous as Freud. Not long afterward, he died of the cancer of the mouth and jaw that he had suffered from for the last 20 years of his life.