Find the English equivalents for the following. Give the situations in which these word combinations are used

Психічні розлади; нестача цілісності; зламані кістки; межа між нормальним та аномальним; психолог та психіатр; декілька шляхів визначення; «правильна» та «неправильна» поведінка; процес соціалізації; вважатися нормальним; статистичне визначення; використання статистики; критерії особистого дискомфорту; опис ідеальної особистості; зробити щасливим; антисоціальні психічні розлади; сум та розчарування.

1. Answer the questions on the text:

1. How is "abnormality" treated in medicine?

2. What is a norm?

3. Why do norms remain the dominant standard in a society?

4. What can a danger be when using only norms to define abnormality?

5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a statistical definition of abnormality?

6. Why is the approach of personal discomfort not ideal either?

7. Can people who deviate from the ideal be regarded as abnormal?

8. Is anxiety positive or negative feature for people?

9. When does anxiety turn into phobia?

10. Does a person usually recognize the deviation of his/her behaviour?

2. Fill in the blank with the vocabulary word that best fits the meaning of each sentence:

1. We waited for their decision with a great deal of...?

2. He is under the... that he is Napoleon.

3. I took... that you'd want to come with us so I bought you a ticket.

4. You should... her in her attempts to become a doctor, instead of being so negative about it.

5. His illness has... his efficiency.

6. Our... as a nation is threatened by these separatist forces.

7. They tried... agreement with their plans.

8. We haven't got... information from which to draw a conclusion.

9. His work has changed... since he fell ill.

10. I think it was a(n)... moment to raise a question of your promotion.

11. This is one of the most... murder cases we have ever dealt with.

3. Confirm or deny the following statements. Make use of the following phrases:

That's it! Precisely. Very true. I fully (quite) agree with you.

I'm afraid not. You are not quite right, I'm sorry to say. Far from it.

1. There is no ideal way of defining psychological abnormality.

2. The periods of anxiety are quite necessary for they really get the adrenalin going.

3. Depression is usually caused by overtiredness and lack of sleep.

4. A person is usually aware of his/ her behaviour being deviant.

5. The number of sociopaths is increasing nowadays.

4. Substitute the words taken from the text for the definitions:

1. Quiet happiness, satisfaction.

2. An uncomfortable feeling in the mind usually caused by fear or expectation that something bad will happen.

3. A person who is indifferent to the rights of others, and blind to moral consideration.

4. A strong unnatural anxiety irrationally centered on a particular object or situation.

5. A mental disorder during which people suffer from great sadness, unnatural tiredness and unwillingness to do anything, difficulty in thinking.

6. A standard that is regarded as average or generally accepted.

7. A noticeable difference from what is expected, especially from accepted standards of behaviour.

5. Search the text for the derivatives of the following words. Give other derivatives you know. Follow the model:

To adapt — adaptation, maladaptive, adapter, adaptable,

adaptability.

To conform, content, norm, to define, to violate, comfort, to create, to deviate, to confuse, able, to survive, ration, to adjust.

6. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Соціопат — це людина, байдужа до інтересів і потреб інших. Часто такі індивіди не мають наміру змінювати свою поведінку, оскільки їхні дії завдають шкоди швидше іншим, ніж їм самим.

2. Соціальні психологи вважають, що розумові розлади спричинюються психологічними факторами, емоційними порушеннями і стресами.

3. Стан тривоги впливає на розумову діяльність людини, виводить її зі стану рівноваги, позбавляючи можливості вирішувати проблеми чи приймати правильні рішення.

4. У стані повної депресії людина сповнена почуття відчаю, самотності, непотрібності, провини, розчарування, власної непривабливості; її дії можуть часто бути непередбачуваними.

5. На відміну від фізіологів, для психологів і психіатрів важко визначити межу між нормою та аномалією, оскільки поняття норми змінюється з часом у різних соціумах.

6. Коли напади паніки виникають у відповідь на особливі подразники (об'єкти чи ситуації) і їх неможливо подолати без допомоги психіатра, вони називаються фобіями.

7. Інколи особистісний розлад настільки глибоко вкорінений, що індивід не визнає своєї девіантної поведінки і сприймає її як рису характеру, або ж своє друге "я".

8. Фобії можуть бути різноманітними — від побоювання павуків до панічного страху насильства чи смерті.

9. Одним із способів визначення категорії аномальності є встановлення ідеалу. Однак цей підхід залишає більшість із нас, тих, які потребують негайної психологічної терапії, поза нормою, оскільки лише одиниці можуть відповідати ідеалу.

10. Особистий дискомфорт не можна визначити категорією аномальності, оскільки, якщо поведінка індивіда завдає шкоди іншим людям або загалом суспільству, задоволення собою не може бути показником норми.

7. Read and translate the text.

Fear of Living

(by Anna Kovalenko)

Escapism, the desire to avoid contact with other people, down to subjecting oneself to complete isolation, is not rare. Doctors have known about it for a long time, but it was only in the past few years that it was identified as a disease called sociophobia, and serious studies of this phenomenon were carried out.

When lecturing, the great scientist Kliment Timiriazev always made a point of having lecture synopses with him, even though he never looked at them. Under no circumstances would he start a lecture without the notes. On one occasion, he left them at home and when he realizedit, he kept the audience waiting until the driver he had sent for the papers delivered them.

What was this, mere eccentricity, or a disease? Today, doctors find such behavioural patterns worth studying, since quite often they turn out to be symptoms of a disease.

Great Britain's Prof. Stewart A. Montgomery said at a recent international conference in Moscow, where he represented the World Psychiatric Association, that sociophobia had been overlooked by doctors, including Russian ones, for too long.

Social fear is not easy to detect, mainly because it is not a fear of something tangible like loneliness, or losing one's job. Its symptoms resemble mere shyness. Prof. Montgomery believes that people tend to develop the first symptoms of sociophobia early on in life, when they are still in school, and this impairs their academic performance. These children always choose a desk in the back row, not because they want to play pranks, but because they want to attract as little attention as possible.

The progression of this pathological condition is also difficult to detect in shy older adolescents who don't drink or take drugs. And the longer it is left untreated, the worse the condition gets. As children, they tend to develop complexes, and when older, sociophobics will usually choose a profession that doesn't involve public contact, and will voluntarily deprive themselves of careers. They feel uncomfortable and awkward around people. Anatoly Smulevich, head of the department of borderline conditions at the Centre for Mental Health, uses a graphic description to characterize the disease — "tears that are invisible to the world".

These quiet introverts rarely go to see doctors, and rarely do doctors pay much attention to them either. Meanwhile, the condition continues to worsen. Fearing criticism, negative comments, derogatory words and mean looks from other people, sociophobics begin to panic. They begin by fussing with their clothes and their hair, and looking around all the time. This gives way to a constant fear of disaster, for instance when talking to one's boss, reading a lecture and even when meeting with friends. This is typical behaviour for sociophobics. A teacher at a Moscow institute always felt terrified before an audience. This neurosis would cause him to jump on a train after the lecture and travel to any other city (for some reason it was usually Vologda), just to unwind. The following day he would return to Moscow in a relatively normal state.

Prof. Montgomery maintains that five to six percent of the population suffers from sociophobia. This constant fear of social contact is often accompanied by many other symptoms like heart palpitations, tense muscles, dryness of the mouth, headaches and other unpleasant feelings. The symptoms are deeply rooted and the essence of a social introvert. Such people have trouble asserting their opinions and standing up for their rights, which is why they are often looked upon as undesirable workers. Their pathological shyness prevents them from evaluating their abilities positively, and causes them to be constantly self-absorbed in their own thoughts and to agonize over the most trivial matters.

Considering that 95 percent of such diseases tend to develop before the age of 20, treatment should be started as early as possible. Prof. Montgomery believes that if therapy is not started on time, five to seven years later sociophobics begin resorting to alcohol and drugs to cope with their problems. This gives rise to a special stratum of people who have a unique relationship with society. They are lonely and are usually poorly educated, they experience money problems and bounce from job to job. At times they contemplate suicide.

But even if the condition is left untreated for a long time, therapy often helps a person restore contact with society. And although remedial treatment for sociophobics may be expensive, treating alcoholics costs the state even more, as does financing the unemployed. Igor Sergeyev, head of the department of Psychiatry at the Russian State Medical University, believes that diagnosis and treatment of such diseases should be provided free of charge at special polyclinics.

Although scientists have already developed medication for this disease, it's still too early to talk about any results. In Great Britain, for instance, only 25 percent of all sociophobics are receiving help, and in Canada, only 15 percent are undergoing treatment.

Russia's Health Minister Tatiana Dmitriyeva calls sociophobia one of the most widespread psychological disorders. According to various data, in Russia, up to 16 percent of citizens suffer from this disease, and two-thirds of these people also suffer from other psychological disorders.

A special office has been opened at the Moscow City Psycho-Neurological Centre where sociophobics can now go for help.

8. Answer the following questions:

1. Why is the article headlined as fear of living?

2. What is meant by escapism?

3. Is it a disease or a phenomenon?

4. What are the major symptoms of sociophobia?

5. Is social fear easily detected?

6. What kind of profession do sociophobics prefer to choose?

7. How do they feel around people?

8. Are sociophobics introverted or extroverted?

9. Do they easily begin to panic? Under what circumstances?

10. How does their pathological shyness interfere with social contacts?

11. How is it possible to treat this condition?

12. Where can sociophobics apply for help?

9. Complete the following sentences:

1. The desire to avoid contact with other people is called....

2. Sociophobia symptoms resemble....

3. A. Smulevich characterized this disease as •

4. Sociophobics as children tend to develop

5. Their fear impairs academic.... pit,

6. Constant fear of social contact is accompanied by such

physiological symptoms as....

7. Very often sociophobics resort to... to cope with the problems.

8. They are lonely and experience....

9. Therapy often helps a person restore....

10. Diagnosis and treatment of such diseases should be provided free....

10. Give statistical data enumerated in the article.

11. Describe episodes illustrating typical cases of sociophobia.

12. Suggest possible situations in experience either shyness or fear.

13. Characterize escapism as:

a) a psychological disorder;

b) a social phenomenon.

14. Review the article.

15. Think of all possible situations in which you have ever experienced panic, fear or uncertainty and shyness.

16. If you had a chance to interview a sociophobic, what questions would you ask him concerning his academic performance, a choice of profession, social contacts, friends, close relationships and so on?

17. Give Ukrainian equivalents for:

To modify psychoanalysis; the unconscious; at a subconscious level; orphan; personal impressions; human inequality; addiction; vulnerability; means to survive; spiritual freedom; lack of restraint; devastation; physical destruction; revelation; healthy morals.

18. Give English equivalents for:

Страх жити; уникати контактів; самотність; сором'язливість; стан; сутність інтроверта; типова поведінка; панікувати; відстоювати свої права; оцінювати свої можливості; удаватися до алкоголю та наркотиків; задумувати самогубство; проходити курс лікування; типовий психологічний розлад.

19. Use the above stated word-combinations in describing:

a) psychoanalysis;

b) sociophobic behaviour;

c) consequences of sociophobia.

20. Render the text into English

КОНФЛІКТ

Функціональний аспект конфлікту зумовлений потребою змін у людських стосунках. Щодо сутності цих стосунків конфлікт є протиборством, зіткненням протилежних оцінок, принципів, еталонів, поведінки щодо предмета конфлікту. З боку цілей конфлікт відбиває прагнення затвердити принцип, учинок, ідею самоствердитися.

З точки зору стану міжособистісних стосунків конфлікт є деструкцією цих стосунків на емоційному, пізнавальному та поведінковому

рівнях. Конфлікт як психічний стан є водночас захисною та емоційно забарвленою реакцією на ситуації, що психічно травмують людину, на перепони в досягненні певних цілей.

Виходячи з оцінки результатів конфлікту, його можна вважати дезінтегруючою силою людських стосунків, а його ліквідацію — інтегруючою. З інструментальної точки зору конфлікт виступає як засіб самоствердження, подолання негативних тенденцій. Процесуальний бік конфлікту є ситуацією пошуку виходу, засобів стабілізації стосунків. Класифікувати конфлікти можна за такими ознаками: видами, тривалістю, змістом, обширністю, ступенем впливу, типом вирішення, формами прояву, психологічним ефектом, наслідками, мотивами та ін. Із функціональної точки зору класифікація конфліктів може будуватися за принципом доцільності/ недоцільності, згідно з яким виявляють конструктивні та деструктивні конфлікти.

Вияви деструктивних функцій конфлікту дужі різні. Особистісний конфлікт породжує стан психологічного дискомфорту, що викликає інші негативні наслідки і може призвести до розпаду особистості. На рівні групи конфлікт здатний руйнувати систему комунікацій, взаємозв'язків, послаблювати ціннісно-орієнтаційну єдність групи, знижувати ефективність її функціонування загалом.