GLOSSARY. blizhnye close relatives

blizhnye close relatives

bratochado nephew (son of one’s brother)

cheliadin (dependent) member of household, such as child or serf (compare Latin filius)

chern’ the common people (esp. in Novgorod); also chernye liudi (“black people”)

chiliarch “thousandman” (Greek), see tysiatskii

dan’ tribute (lit. “gift”)

Drevneishaia Pravda “Oldest Pravda”, also “Pravda of Iaroslav”, oldest segment of Russkaia Pravda

golovnichestvo “head money”, to be paid by killer and his relatives

gosudar’ Lord, sovereign, majesty

gradskie zakony “city laws”, Russian term referring esp. to Ecloga and Procheiron

grivna basic monetary unit in Kievan Russia; pound

iabetnik court official, bailiff

iarlyk (Turkic) in medieval Russia: charter issued by Mongol-Tatar ruler

iuridicus law-sayer (Latin)

izgoi persons who found themselves outside the ordinary social units of family, clan, druzhina, etc.

izvod version of manuscript, recension; also (in Russkaia Pravda): type of procedure

kholopy slaves

kniaz’ prince (etymologically related to “king”); also translated as “duke”

Knigi Zakonnye “Law Books”, Russian collection, of Byzantine origin, of which the Nomos Georgikos is the main component

koniukh staryi senior stablemaster

kormchaia Russian version of the Nomocanon

kormilets, kormilitsa slaves or unfree persons (male/female), entrusted with care of children

kramola sedition, rebellion, treason

krazha theft

krestnoe tselovanie “kissing the Cross”; standard form of oath in medieval Russia

kuna Old Russian monetary unit

mechnik “sword-bearer”, court official, guard

Merilo Pravednoe “Just Measure”, medieval Russian legal collection

mestnichestvo appointment system in Muscovy Russia

mesto place or rank within family and among families (see mestnichestvo)

mir village community; peace (treaty)

modus vivendi intermediate arrangement between opponents

Naturalwirtschaft (German) economy in which money plays a secondary role

nomocanon (Greek) Byzantine collection of ecclesiastical and secular rules

novellae new laws, in particular as fourth part of the Corpus Iuris Civilis

ognishchanin “hearth-man”, steward or other high official of the prince in Kievan times

Ordá Horde (Turkic), division of Mongol empire

otchina paternal heritage, patrimony (also votchina)

poinè wergeld, blood money (Homeric Greek)

pokon law, statute

pokon virnyi law concerning the vira

poliud’e winter circuit of the prince, in which tribute was collected

posadnik lieutenant (of prince); mayor (in Novgorod)

posadskie liudi half-free townspeople in Muscovy Russia

potklete storehouse (Novgorod Skra)

Pravda Iaroslavichei the Pravda of Iaroslav’s sons

pravovoe gosudarstvo law-governed state (translation of German Rechtsstaat)

Pravosudie metropolich’e Metropolitan’s Justice (medieval Russian legal collection)

prigorod “suburb”, subordinate town

proezzhaia gramota a laissez-passer, a document entitling the bearer to proezd (travelling through)

Razriadnyi Prikaz government department in charge of keeping razriady

razriad(y) mestnichestvo register

rezana monetary unit in Kievan Russia

riad(y) contract, pact

rota oath (in court procedure)

Russkaia Pravda “Russian Law”, basic legislative monument of Kievan Russia

russkie stati “Russian articles”, a series of provisions from the Zakon

Sudnyi Liudem, found in some copies of the Russkaia Pravda

schevenisse kind of fur (Novgorod Skra)

sel’skii starosta agricultural official of the prince, field overseer

smerdy dependent peasants

Sovet Gospod Council of Lords (in Novgorod)

starshinstvo seniority (esp. among Russian princes)

sudebnik law code

svod court procedure (in Russkaia Pravda); collection

tat’ba theft

tiun also tivun, tivunets; princely official, overseer, agent, steward,bailiff

troynisse kind of fur (Novgorod Skra)

tsar’ tsar (from Latin caesar), emperor (the spelling “czar” does not make sense in any language); the tsar’s wife is the tsaritsa (translated into German as Zarin, which was then corrupted in several European languages as “tsarina” or “czarina”)

tysiatskii “thousandman”, military commander (in Novgorod)

udel portion or part (assigned to younger sons of princes)

udel’nye kniazhestva apanage principalities (from udel)

uroki laws, decrees

ustav statute

veche popular (urban) assembly

verkhovnaia sobstvennost’ “supreme ownership”, roughly equivalent to “eminent domain”

verv’ rural territorial unit

vira bloodwite, fine for homicide or bodily harm

virnik collector of the vira

voevoda military commander, general

volost’ governmental power; also “province” (esp. in Novgorod)

votchina see otchina

wergeld compensation to be paid by the killer to the killed person’s relatives

zakon russkii “Russian Law”, the customary law of pre-Christian Russia

Zemskii Sobor Land Council

zhit’i liudi prominent burghers (esp. in Novgorod), also zhitye liudi, as opposed to lower class burghers (chernye liudi)