James Watt

James Watt was born in Greenock, Scotland, and was taught at home, later he went to Qreenock Grammar School.

His technical expertise¹ seems to have been obtained from working in his father's workshop and from early in life he showed academic promise. His early formal training was as an instrument maker in London and Glasgow.

Watt combined the expertise of a scientist with that of a practical engineer, for later he was not only to improve the heat engine but also to devise new mechanisms.

In the development of the steam engine James Watt represents the perfecting of a sequence of stages begin­ning with the Newcomen engine and ending with the parallel motion and sun/planet gearing². The latter is said to have been invented by W. Murdock but patented by Watt.

In the scientific field Watt's finest memorial, apart from steam engines, is his establishment of the unit of power — the rate of doing work. He coined the term³ horsepower (hp); one horse being defined as equivalent to 33,000 ftlb/min⁴.

Watt was interested in the strength of materials and designed a screw press for chemically copying written material. A leading brand of reprographic equipment today is remarkably similar. Watt received many honors in recognition of his important works. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society of London and Edinburg, and was a member of the Academy of Sciences in France.

James Watt died in1819 in Heathfield, after a life of incomparable technical value. Later, a statue to Watt was placed in Westminster Abbey.

Пояснения к тексту:

expertise – мастерство

parallel motion and sun / planet gearing – параллелограммный механизм и планетарная передача.

to coin the term – ввести термин

ft lb. / min – футо–фунтов в минуту

8. Прочитайте 6, 7 абзацы текста, ответьте на вопрос:

What invention of J. Watt is still used in the reprographic equipment today?

Вариант 4

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The aborigines taught the early settlers to hunt wild animals.

This technology has already been applied to the production of several tools.

Many other applications are under investigation in laboratories.

The ecologists are trying to preserve our evironment for futture generation.

2. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения слов it,that,one.

One should be very careful working with the sharp instruments.

I’m afraid that the prices will increase sharply.

This is the model of the first automobile. It was propelled by stea m.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их на русский язык, помня о разных значениях глаголов to be,to have,to do.

One engineer doesn’t deal with every phase of development of a complex mechanism.

Nowadays any investigator does work having access to the scientific information.

The experts are to take into account the results of the test.

The graduates have an optimal combination of theoretical knowledge and practical skill.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзные подчинения.

The dam they built last year made it possible to obviate the danger of the flood.

They state automation is the third phase in the development of technology

5. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их на русский язык, обратите внимание на то, что в них просьба (побуждение) выражена с помощью глагола to let.

Let us call Jane on the telephone.

They are going to let him fix the car by himself.

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The flowing water is an unlimited source of energy.

The laboratory assistants keep on making experiments.

Powerful modern machinery allowed to complete a great deal of work last year.

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