Translate from Russian into English. 1) Он отказался от идеи стать актером

1) Он отказался от идеи стать актером. Так было суждено.

2) Я не знал в то время, что ему суждено было стать знаменитым артистом.

3) Они надеялись работать в одной школе. Но этому не суждено было сбыться.

4) Куда мне деваться? Что мне делать? Что со мной будет?

5) Кто будет украшать новогоднюю ёлку?

6) Кто виноват?

7) У нас поставили телефон, и нам теперь не нужно ходить к соседям.

8) Вам незачем идти на улицу; у соседей есть телефон.

9) У нас теперь построили стадион, и детям не приходится ездить далеко.

10) Им незачем ездить так далеко; можно заниматься в нашем читальном зале.

11) Можешь не отвечать на этот вопрос, если не хочешь!

12) Тебе не нужно отвечать на все вопросы письменно.

13) Если ничего серьезного не будет, можешь не звонить.

14) Не обязательно вам приходить самому. Можете прислать кого-нибудь.

15) Пойдемте пешком. Нам незачем торопиться.

16) Ему незачем беспокоиться. Все будет в порядке.

17) Нам не нужно было ходить в библиотеку. У нас были все необходимые книги.

18) К вечеру зуб перестал болеть, и он решил, что ему не надо идти к врачу.

19) Нам нужно будет позвонить вам или вы сами придете?

20) Много ли вам пришлось потратить времени на эту работу?

Unit 9 Should and ought to

§ 1 Should and ought to in comparison

Should and ought to are very much alike in meaning and are often interchangeable.

Ought to has more stress on the meaning of moral obligation, whereas should is common in instructions and corrections.

1. Should/ought to are used to talk about

· obligation, duty and similar ideas: You shouldn’t say things like that. You ought to know it.

· advice: You ought to read this book. You should read this book. It is very interesting.

NOTE: Should may acquire additional shades of meaning, such as desirability: It’s late. You should go to bed.

· in formal notices and on informationsheets: Students should be prepared to answer questions on this point.

NOTE: Ought to is not used in this case.

· assumption abou t present or past actions. The plane should be landing now (I expect it is landing).

The letter should have arrived by now (I expect it has arrived).

NOTE: It is not used for assumption which displeases the speaker: Let’s not go shopping now!

2. Should/ought to + Continuous Infinitive express the idea that the subject is not fulfilling his obligations or that he is acting rashly or foolishly: He ought to be studying for the exams. He shouldn’t be playing baseball for hours.

3. Should/ought to + Perfect Infinitive in:

a) an affirmative sentence indicates an unfulfilled or neglected action in the past: He looks very ill. He should have stayed at home.

b) a negative sentence means that an undesirable action was carried out: They shouldn’t have concealed it from us.

§ 2 Must, should, and ought to in comparison

Notice some peculiarities in the shades of meanings of must, should, ought to:

1. Should/ought to express obligation or advisability. Must in this meaning sounds too forceful and peremptory: You should do it at once. You ought to do it at once. You must do it at once.

2. Should / ought to + Perfect Infinitive show that the action has not been fulfilled though it was desirable: You should have helped him. (But you didn’t do that)

3. Must + Perfect Infinitive denotes conclusions about the past: He must have come by taxi. (I suppose)

§3 Emotional should: in subordinate clauses,

emphatic constructions

1. Should is found in:

· that-clauses after adjectives and nouns expressing the importance (important, necessary, vital, essential, eager, anxious, concerned, wish): It is importan t that she should talk to me when she gets here. Is it necessary that my uncle should be informed? It is his wish that the money should be given to charity

· object clauses:

a) following the principal clause with " it " as a formal subject after such expressions as (it is wonderful, absurd, monstrous, natural, old, queer, strange, terrible, etc): It is absurd that such things should happen to me. It was strange that he should be asking those questions

b) beginning with why: I don’t know why we shouldn’t make friends.

· rhetorical questions beginning with why: Why should I do that? It’s rendered in Russian as: с какой стати…? Why shouldn’t you have dinner with us?

· attributive clauses beginning with why after the noun ‘ reason’: I don’t see any reason why we shouldn’t be happy.

· subordinate clauses after words expressing personal judgements and reactions: It’s astonishing that she should say that sort of things to you. I’m sorry you should think I did it on purpose

· if-clauses, after in case, for bear that and lest, so that, in order that: If you should see Luke, tell him about it. She turned the radio down so that she shouldn’t wake the children up.

NOTE: It is impossible to use ought to for emotional colouring.

2. Learn some set phrases with should:

· How should I know?

· I’m sorry that you should think so badly of me.

· That it should come to this! (И до чего дошло дело!)

· To think that it should come to this! (Только подумать, до чего дело дошло!)

· To think that it should have happened to me! (Только подумать, что это произошло со мной!)