Control system

Electronics is being used more and more to control industrial processes, particularly where the speed of a motor has to be accurately controlled. One big advantage is that valves, unlike relays, have no moving parts, no contacts to shatter or bum, and practically no inertia, I and their speed of operations very much greater. Two special types of valves, known as "thyrotrons" and "ignitrons" are generally used for motor control.

VII. Translate the following sentences and define the functions of the Participle II.

1. The oscillations produced in the antenna are weak. 2. The antenna receives only a small part of energy radiated by the transmitter. 3. Negatively charged ions are attracted to the anode, positively charged ions are attracted to the cathode. 4. The results obtained are of great importance. 5. The constructed transmitter operated on I various frequencies. 6. If arranged according to their atomic weights, elements show the periodicity of their properties. 7. When heated, magnetized steel will lose its magnetism. 8. When produced in one tube, minimum grid voltage is produced in the other tube. 9. Placed in a different surrounding medium the device operates differently.

VIII. Define the functions of "it" and translate the sentences into Russian.

1. To locate target on the surface of the sea or on the ground, it is necessary to determine not only in which direction it lies, but also how far away it is. 2. It does not mean that in all the applications of induction heating only the surface of the body is heated. 3. A new science, radio astronomy has emerged it is very closely allied to astronomy, astrophysics and physics. 4. There are no new radio techniques for investigating comets directly, but their close relation to meteors makes it desirable to describe their main features. 5. It is the gas turbine aeroengine, which has been responsible for the revolution in aircraft. 6. The sailors found it difficult to wash off this ash and soon after they were suffering from the first symptoms of radiation sickness. 7. It is well known that radioactive isotopes can be used very effectively in medicine for the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. 8. It is very easy to receive a fatal chock when working on the transmitter final stage, particularly when neutralizing it. 9. It is these experiments that led to a discovery of neutron and X-ray emission of great penetrability.

IX. Define the functions of "one " and translate the sentences into Russian.

1. One watt is the power due to a current of one ampere at tension of one volt; therefore watts equal volts time amperes. 2. When one talks over a telephone, it is not the sound of the voice that travels over the wire, it is an electric current. 3. When put together in a molecule, these tiny fragments do not form a rigid structure, but one that can vibrate, rotate and perform other relative motions about its centre of mass. 4. From of this experiment it is clear that there devices are low power ones. 5. One would like to know, for example, that the effect of the ambient atmosphere is on the slow-state density and energy distribution. 6. The relative motion of one tooth upon the other should be more of a rolling than of a sliding nature. 7. The turn indicator and the ball-bank indicator were constructed in one housing to provide a more efficient instrument for flight. 8. One of the most important things for the pilot to know is how high he is flying. 9. One should know that geometry treats of the properties, construction, and measurements of lines, surfaces, and solids.

LEXICAL EXERCISES

X. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the word "provide" (снабжать, поставлять) as the verb and "provided" (при условии, если только) as the conjunction.

1. Solar batteries provided much energy for this system operation. 2. A sell supplies electric energy provided its electrodes are different materials. 3. The electrical properties of germanium may be changed, provided germanium is exposed to light. 4. A capacitor stores electric energy provided that a voltage source is applied to it. 5. These experiments provided necessary data for studying this phenomenon. 6. Provided the laboratory is equipped with up-to-date instruments we shall be able to carry out the important scientific researches. 7. A direct current flows provided a direct voltage source is applied to the circuit.

XI. Translate the following words with the prefixes: semi-, trans-, non-.

semiconductor n non-conductor n transatlantic

semicircle n non-essential adj transoceanic adj

semimonocoque adj non-standard adj transcontinental alj

semiautomatic adj nondurable adj

XII. Translate the following word combinations and make up the sentences using them.

Industrial purposes, the application of electrical energy, the invention of electronic devices, considerably enlarged, has, it possible to solve, currents, the problem of obtaining high-frequency, are the basis, of radioengineering, television, and other branches, of modem engineering.

GRAMMAR REFERENCES

ПРИЧАСТИЕ (THE PARTICIPLE)

Причастие (The Participle) — неличная форма глагола, кото­рая соответствует в русском языке причастию и деепричастию. В английском языке нет отдельной формы, которая бы соответ­ствовала русскому деепричастию. Причастие имеет признаки как прилагательного, так и глагола.

В английском языке существуют два типа причастия:

1. Причастие настоящего времени (Present Participle или Participle I) с окончанием -ing: reading.

2. Причастие прошедшего времени (Past Participle или Participle II) с окончанием -ed (played) для правильных глаго­лов, а неправильные глаголы имеют разные формы.

В научно-технической литературе причастие и причастные обороты употребляются очень часто.

Существуют простые и сложные формы причастий.

	Active	Passive
Participle I	using	being used
Participle II	—	used
Perfect Participle	having used	having been used

Чаще всего употребляются формы Participle I (using, being used) и Participle II (used). Перевод причастий зависит от функций, которые они выполняют в предложении. Причастия выполняют функцию определения, если они стоят перед определяемым словом или после него.

All moving parts of machines wear.

Все движущиеся детали машины изнашиваются.

The students studying medicine worked in the hospital.

Студенты, изучающие медицину, работали в госпитале.

Причастие в функции обстоятельства стоит в начале предложения или после сказуемого, ближе к концу предложения. Перед причастиями в этой функции употребляются предлоги when,while и другие, которые уточняют функцию обстоятельства.

Причастия в функции обстоятельства переводятся на русский язык деепричастием или придаточным предложением.

(When) repeating his experiment he noticed the polymer crystal.

Повторяя свой эксперимент, он заметил кристаллическое состояние полимера.

Когда он повторял эксперимент, он заметил кристаллическое состояние полимера.

Время действия причастия определяется временем действия глагола сказуемого в предложении.

He is very attentive он очень внимателен

Experimenting he was very attentive он был очень внимателен

При проведении he will be very attentive он будет очень внимателен

опыта

Перфектные формы причастия (Perfect Participle Active, Perfect Participle Passive) выполняют в предложении только функцию обстоятельства (времени или причины). Перфектные причастия означают, что действие, выраженное причастием, происходило раньше, чем действие, выраженное глаголом, и всегда переводятся прошедшим временем.

Having been warmed to 0° (zero), ice began to melt.

После того, как лед нагрели до 0°, он начал таять.