| Modal verb CAN is used:
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| | rules
| examples
|
| 1.
| to express physical or mental ability, capability, possibility depending on circumstances; the equivalent of can in these meanings is the combination to be able to used in all tenses; the form could followed by the Perfect Infinitive indicates the probability of the action
| I can prepare this presentation. Я можу підготувати презентацію.
She was not able to answer the questions of interview. Вона не могла дати відповіді на питання інтерв’ю.
He could have worked with these clients at the beginning of his career. Можливо, що він працював з цими клієнтами на початку своєї кар’єри.
|
| 2.
| to express permission; the form couldis used in this meaning only in interrogative sentence to express a polite request
| Could I have a talk with the client? Можна мені поговорити з клієнтом?
|
| 3.
| to express doubt, astonishment, incredulity; in these meanings the verb can is used only in interrogative and negative sentences but it may be followed by all forms of the infinitive
| Can she be working now? Невже вона зараз працює?
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| Modal verb MAY is used:
|
| | rules
| examples
|
| 1.
| to express permission; in this meaning the verb may is followed by the Indefinite Infinitive.
| May we use the office equipment? Можна (нам дозволено) нам користуватися офісним обладнанням?
|
| 2.
| to express possibility depending on circumstances; in this meaning the verb may is used only in affirmative sentences. When might is followed by the Perfect Infinitive it shows that the action was not carried out
| You may go to the meeting by my car. Ти можеш поїхати на зустріч моєю машиною.
You might have phoned to me at once. Ти міг одразу ж мені зателефонувати.
|
| 3.
| to express supposition implying uncertainty; in this meaning the verb may is used in affirmative and negative sentences with all forms of the infinitive
| He may have known about our deal. Можливо (але я зовсім невпевнений), що він знав про нашу справу.
|
| 4.
| to express reproach, disapproval; in this meaning only might is used
| You might be more attentive during negotiations. Тобі не завадило б бути більш уважним під час переговорів.
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| Modal verb MUST is used:
|
| | rules
| examples
|
| 1.
| to express obligation, duty, necessity; in these meanings the verb must is used in affirmative and interrogative sentences with the Indefinite Infinitive
| Our company must satisfy the consumers’ wants. Наша компанія повинна задовольняти бажання покупців.
|
| 2.
| to express prohibition; in this meaning the verb must is used in negative sentences and is followed by the Indefinite Infinitive
| You must not talk aloud in the office. Заборонено голосно розмовляти в офісі.
|
| 3.
| to express order or advice; in these meanings the verb must is used with the Indefinite Infinitive in affirmative and negative sentences
| Next week you must come to the office at nine. Наступного тижня необхідно приходити в офіс о 9.00.
|
| 4.
| to express supposition implying assurance; in this meaning the verb must is used with all forms of the Infinitive but only in affirmative sentences
| She must have missed the announcement. Вона, напевно, пропустила оголошення.
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| Modal verb TO HAVE TO is used:
|
| | rule
| example
|
| 1.
| to express obligation or necessity depending on circumstances. Unlike other modal verbs, the verb to have to has the infinitive, the participles and the gerund. The interrogative and negative forms of the modal verb to have to in the Present Simple and in the Past Simple are formed by means of the auxiliary verb to do. The expression to have got is also used with modal meaning expressing obligation or necessity.
| Our company had to sell most of its real estate. Наша компанія була змушена продати більшість власної нерухомості.
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§ 5. THE VERB: PASSIVE VOICE
A person or thing performing an action is called the subject of the action. A person or thing acted upon is called the object of the action. In the English language the verb has two voices: the Active Voice and the Passive Voice.
The tenses of the Passive Voice are formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the corresponding tense and Past Participle of the main verb:
to be + V3f/ed
|
| PAST
(was, were)
| PRESENT
(am, is, are)
| FUTURE
(will be)
| FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST
(would be)
|
| Simple
| It was managed
We were met
| It is managed
We are met
| It will be managed
We will be met
| It would be managed
We would be met
|
| Continuous
| It was being managed
We were being met
| It is being managed
We are being met
|
_________
|
__________
|
| Perfect
| It had been managed
We had been met
| It has been managed
We have been met
| It will have been managed
We will have been met
| It would have been managed
We would have been met
|
| Perfect-Continuous
| _________
| __________
| _________
| __________
|
The most important thing to remember while translating English sentences with the verb in Passive is to clearly determine the real doer of the action (if possible) and the object of the action.
