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UNIT 12. Task 1. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words:

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TEST 1

Task 1. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words:

поняття, концепція; обґрунтовувати; узагальнення; неефективний; менеджмент залучення; визнання; радник; впливати; шедевр; ученість, ерудиція.

Task 2. Give English equivalents of the following words:

utility; to resign; merit; heritor; grudge; to define; framework; to implement; managerial; intensification.

Task 3. Give the definitions of the following words:

initiation – the action of starting;

domination – control or power over or a very strong influence on smb./smth.;

marginal – close to the limit of acceptability;

to attach – to fasten or joint smth. to smth.;

cycle – a series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order.

Task 5. Identify the type of the following Adverbial clauses:

1 – time; 2 – place; 3 – cause; 4 – condition; 5 – concession.

Task 7. Rearrange the following jumbled words into sentences:

1. He has written more than 350 scientific works. 2. Oleh Kuzmin is a versatile scientist and talented pedagogue. 3. I am busy writing an article. 4. The scholar has published over 30 monographs and books. 5. Eight candidate dissertations have been successfully defended under his supervision.

Task 9. Make up the dialogue using phrases from both columns:

1 – e); 2 – d); 3 – b); 4 – c); 5 – a).

Task 10. Read the text and mark the statements given below “true” or “false”:

1 – true; 2 – false; 3 – false; 4 – true; 5 – false.

TEST 2

Task 1. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words:

підтверджувати; витрати виробництва; удосконалювати; запровадження; планування виробництва; знаменитий; прагнення; грань, край; впливова особа; вето.

Task 2. Give English equivalents of the following words:

successor; to recognise; heritance; appointment; business cycle; normative distribution of profit; producer; to initiate; improved; cost-accounting.

Task 3. Give the definitions of the following words:

cost – the price to be paid;

accumulation – increasing in number or quantity;

to define – to state or describe exactly the nature or extent of smth.;

grudgingly – unwillingly;

masterpiece – a task done with great skill.

Task 5. Identify the type of the following Adverbial clauses:

1 – place; 2 – time; 3 – result; 4 – manner and comparison; 5 – concession.

Task 7. Rearrange the following jumbled words into sentences:

1. The question was who was responsible for all this. 2. She advises clients where to invest their money. 3. It is very important that you implement this economic reform. 4. All managers must be influential. 5. He was a man of great scholarship.

Task 9. Make up the dialogue using phrases from both columns:

1 – c); 2 – e); 3 – b); 4 – a); 5 – d).

Task 10. Read the text and mark the statements given below “true” or “false”:

1 – false; 2 – true; 3 – true; 4 – false; 5 – true.

GRAMMAR REFERENCE

§ 1. THE NOUN

There are countable and uncountable nouns in the English language. Countable denote things that can be counted (a chair, an engineer, a question). Uncountables denote things which cannot be counted – names of different materials or abstractions (water, milk, management, planning). Countable nouns are used in singular and plural forms, uncountables have no plural form.

The plural of nouns is formed by adding -(e)s to the singular.

Pronunciation

[s] – after voiceless consonant sounds, except [z], [∫], [t∫]. client – clients market – markets product – products request – requests [z] – after vowels and voiced consonant sounds, except [z], [з], [dз], [з]. coin – coins name – names payee – payees customer – customers routine – routines [iz] – after the sounds [s], [z], [∫], [t∫], [_з ], [d_з]. loss – losses lease – leases branch – branches price – prices garage – garages change – changes

Spelling

The ending -es is added if

the noun ends in -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -tch, -x the noun ends in –y, preceded by a consonant -y is changed into -i the noun ends in –o, preceded by a consonant

status – statuses boss – bosses match – matches index – indexes class-classes factory – factories penalty – penalties but play – plays key – keys cargo – cargoes outgo – outgoes but ratio – ratios portfolio – portfolios

Other cases of plural formation

1). If a noun ends in -f, -fe, it is changed into -v, -ve + es:

shelf – shelves, leaf – leaves, half – halves, life – lives,

but chief – chiefs, safe – safes.

2). Other irregular plurals:

man – men, woman – women, foot – feet, tooth – teeth, goose – geese, mouse – mice, child – children, ox – oxen.

3). Some nouns have the same form in plural and singular:

sheep, deer, swine, fish, fruit

but if we mean different kinds of fish and fruit we say fruits, fishes.

4). Some nouns borrowed from Latin and Greek keep the plural form of the language from which they have been borrowed:

phenomenon – phenomena, radius – radii, crisis – crises, datum – data, criterion – criteria, analysis – analyses, stimulus – stimuli.

5). The plural of compound nouns is formed by adding the ending -(e)s to the head-noun:

price-level – price-levels, bill-market – bill-markets, director-general – directors-general.

6). The plural of compound nouns is formed by adding the ending -(e)s to the last word if there is no noun in the compound:

pay-office – pay-offices, pay-by-phone – pay-by-phones.

7). There are nouns which are used only in singular or in plural. They are:

a) names of different materials and abstractions: chalk, silver, peace, courage.

b) only singular: advice, knowledge, information, news, progress, money.

c) only plural: tongs, spectacles, trousers, scissors.

§ 2. PRONOUNS

Indefinite Pronouns

some – body – one – thing someandits compoundsare used in affirmative and interrogative sentences expressing an offer or request We have some new ideas. У нас є кілька нових ідей. Could you give me some information about the organisational structure of your company? Чи міг би ти надати мені деяку інформацію про організаційну структуру вашої компанії?

any – body – one – thing anyand its derivatives are used in interrogative and negative sentences; in affirmative sentences in the meaning of everyone, everything, no matter what or which Can anybody work in this office? Чи може хтось працювати у цьому офісі? Nobody could explain anything. Ніхто не міг нічого пояснити. Give me any of these books. Дай мені будь-яку із цих книг.

no – body – one – thing if noandits compoundsare used as Subject or Object of the sentence, the Verb-Predicate is in the affirmative form Nothing could be done before the meeting. Нічого не можна було зробити до зустрічі.

Quantitative Pronouns

many (багато) is used before Countable Nouns in the plural or replace them There were many famous scientists and practitioners at this conference. На цій конференції було багато відомих науковців та практиків.

much (багато) is used before Uncountable Nouns or replace them Much of what you offer is not new. Багато з того, що ти пропонуєш, не є новим.

few (мало, недостатня кількість) a few (трохи, кілька) is used before Countable Nouns in the plural or replace them Many tried to compete but only few stood the competition. Багато хто намагався конкурувати, але мало хто витримав конкуренцію. Many tried to compete and a few stood the competition. Багато хто намагався конкурувати, і кілька з них витримали конкуренцію.

little (мало, недостатня кількість) a little (трохи) is used before Uncountable Nouns or replace them We have little paper and cannot print all the necessary documents in time. У нас мало паперу, і ми не можемо видрукувати всі необхідні документи вчасно. We have a little paper and all the documents will be printed in time. У нас є трохи паперу, і всі документи будуть видрукувані вчасно.

a lot of (багато) is used before Uncountable and Countable Nouns in the plural or replace them A lot of books were printed last year. Багато книг було видруковано минулого року. There is a lot of material to be learned. Матеріалу для навчання є багато.

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Дата публикования: 2015-01-13; Прочитано: 647 | Нарушение авторского права страницы | Мы поможем в написании вашей работы!

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The ending -es is added if
the noun ends in -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -tch, -x	the noun ends in –y, preceded by a consonant -y is changed into -i	the noun ends in –o, preceded by a consonant
status – statuses boss – bosses match – matches index – indexes class-classes	factory – factories penalty – penalties but play – plays key – keys	cargo – cargoes outgo – outgoes but ratio – ratios portfolio – portfolios

Indefinite Pronouns
some – body – one – thing	someandits compoundsare used in affirmative and interrogative sentences expressing an offer or request	We have some new ideas. У нас є кілька нових ідей. Could you give me some information about the organisational structure of your company? Чи міг би ти надати мені деяку інформацію про організаційну структуру вашої компанії?
any – body – one – thing	anyand its derivatives are used in interrogative and negative sentences; in affirmative sentences in the meaning of everyone, everything, no matter what or which	Can anybody work in this office? Чи може хтось працювати у цьому офісі? Nobody could explain anything. Ніхто не міг нічого пояснити. Give me any of these books. Дай мені будь-яку із цих книг.
no – body – one – thing	if noandits compoundsare used as Subject or Object of the sentence, the Verb-Predicate is in the affirmative form	Nothing could be done before the meeting. Нічого не можна було зробити до зустрічі.
Quantitative Pronouns
many (багато)	is used before Countable Nouns in the plural or replace them	There were many famous scientists and practitioners at this conference. На цій конференції було багато відомих науковців та практиків.
much (багато)	is used before Uncountable Nouns or replace them	Much of what you offer is not new. Багато з того, що ти пропонуєш, не є новим.
few (мало, недостатня кількість) a few (трохи, кілька)	is used before Countable Nouns in the plural or replace them	Many tried to compete but only few stood the competition. Багато хто намагався конкурувати, але мало хто витримав конкуренцію. Many tried to compete and a few stood the competition. Багато хто намагався конкурувати, і кілька з них витримали конкуренцію.
little (мало, недостатня кількість) a little (трохи)	is used before Uncountable Nouns or replace them	We have little paper and cannot print all the necessary documents in time. У нас мало паперу, і ми не можемо видрукувати всі необхідні документи вчасно. We have a little paper and all the documents will be printed in time. У нас є трохи паперу, і всі документи будуть видрукувані вчасно.
a lot of (багато)	is used before Uncountable and Countable Nouns in the plural or replace them	A lot of books were printed last year. Багато книг було видруковано минулого року. There is a lot of material to be learned. Матеріалу для навчання є багато.