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Prior to reading this point, see PG word-structure, Lecture 4.
In OE there were 25 declensions of nouns. All nouns were grouped into declensions according to:
· stem-suffix;
· Gender.
We will mention only the most numerous declensions/stems here:
Strong Vocalic Stems | Weak Consonantal Stems | ||
Stem-suffix | Gender | Stem-suffix | Gender |
a-stem | M, N | n-stem | M, N, F |
o-stem | F | r, s, nd-stems | M, N, F |
i-stem | M, N, F | root-stem | M, F |
u-stem | M, F |
These stems will be discussed more precisely in Lecture 15.
Adjectives
Number – Singular (Sg) and Plural (Pl).
Gender – Masculine (M), Feminine (F), Neuter (N).
Case – Nominative (Nom), Genitive (Gen), Dative (Dat), Accusative (Acc) + Instrumental (Instr).
Instrumental Case was used to express instrumental meaning but only in the adjective while the noun stood in Dative Case:
by/with + Adjective (Instr) + Noun (Dat)
Degrees of Comparison – positive, comparative, superlative.
Determination (Definiteness/Indefiniteness) – today this category has to do with the Article but in OE there were no articles and definiteness/indefiniteness was expressed with the help of inflections of the Adjective, i.e. the inflections of the Adjective helped to determine whether a noun was definite or indefinite.
In OE there existed the weak and strong declensions of the Adjective. They will be discussed more precisely in Lecture 16.
Pronoun
Classification:
1. Personal (Noun-Pronouns (had some categories of the Noun and resembled the Noun in syntactic function)).
They had the following categories:
· Person – 1st, 2nd, 3rd;
· Number – Singular (Sg), Plural (Pl) + Dual (1st, 2nd pers. (we both, you both) when only two persons were meant);
· Gender – Masculine (M), Feminine (F), Neuter (N) – only in 3rd person!;
· Case – Nominative (Nom), Genitive (Gen), Dative (Dat), Accusative (Acc).
2. Demonstrative (Adjective-Pronouns (had some categories of the Adjective and resembled the Adjective in syntactic function)).
They had the following categories:
· Number – Singular (Sg) and Plural (Pl);
· Gender – Masculine (M), Feminine (F), Neuter (N);
· Case – Nominative (Nom), Genitive (Gen), Dative (Dat), Accusative (Acc) +
Instrumental (Instr).
3. Interrogative – unchangeable.
4. Indefinite – unchangeable.
Personal and Demonstrative Pronouns will be discussed more precisely in Lecture 17.
Numeral
Classification:
1. Cardinal – ān (one), twēζen (two), þrēō (three) – had the categories of Gender and Case. All the other cardinal numerals were unchangeable.
2. Ordinal – were unchangeable.
Verbs
Classification:
Finite
They had the following categories:
· Tense – Present and Past (NB no Future! – future actions were expressed by the Present Tense forms);
· Mood – Indicative, Imperative, Superlative;
· Person – 1st, 2nd, 3rd;
· Number – Singular (Sg) and Plural (Pl);
· Conjugation – strong and weak.
2. Non-finite:
v Infinitive resembled the Noun and had the category of:
· Case – Nominative (Nom) and Dative (Dat)
e.g. Nom beran (uninflected) – Dat to beren ne (inflected, indicated direction or purpose);
v Participles 1, 2 resembledthe Verb, the Noun and the Adjective and had the following categories:
· Tense – Present (Participle 1) and Past (Participle 2);
· Number – Singular (Sg) and Plural (Pl);
· Gender – Masculine (M), Feminine (F), Neuter (N);
· Case – Nominative (Nom), Genitive (Gen), Dative (Dat), Accusative (Acc);
· Voice – Active (Part. 1, 2) and Passive (Part 2).
Finite and Non-finite Verbs will be discussed more precisely in Lecture 18.
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