П. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого причастного оборота (см. образец выполнения 2)

1. The sun having risen, they continued their way.

2. By twelve o’clock, with the sun pouring into the room, the heat became oppressive.

3. He gave an intimate smile, some of the freshness returning to his face.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, учитывая разные возможности передачи ге­рундия и герундиальных оборотов на русский язык.

1. I must apologize for having interrupted a conference.

2. He is proud of having won the first place at the contest.

3. It does not seem impossible that the biologist will in the future succeed in creating life in

his laboratory.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие сложные предложения, содержащие придаточные предло­жения условиaя.

1. If I were you I should not accept his offer.

2. If it hadn’t rained he would have gone for a walk.

3. If I have enough time I shall visit all the museums in this town.

V. Прочитайте и переведите весь текст письменно. Напишите план – пересказ в виде 10 вопросительных предложений.

Heat Treatment of Steel

We can alter the characteristics of steel in various ways. In the first place, steel which contains very little carbon will be milder than steel which contains a higher percentage of carbon, up to the limit of about 1,5°/o. Secondly, we can heat the steel above a certain critical temperature, and then allow it to cool at different rates. At this critical temperature, changes begin to take place in the molecular structure of the metal. In the process known as annealing, we heat the steel above the critical temperature and permit it to cool very slowly. This causes the metal to become softer than before, and much easier to machine. Annealing has a second advantage. It helps to relieve any, internal stresses which exist in the metal. These stresses are liable to occur through hammering or working the metal, or through rapid cooling. Metal which we cause to cool rapidly contracts more rapidly on the outside than on the inside. This produces unequal contractions, which may give rise to distortion or cracking. Metal which cools slowly is less liable to have these internal stresses than metals which cool quickly.

On the other hand, we can make steel harder by rapid cooling. We heat it up beyond the critical temperature, and then quench it in water or some other liquid. The rapid temperature drop fixes the structural change in the steel which occurred at the critical temperature, and makes it very hard. But a bar of this hardened steel is more liable to fracture than normal steel. We therefore heat it again to a temperature below the critical temperature, and cool it slowly. This treatment is called tempering. It helps to relieve the internal stresses, and makes the steel less brittle than before. The properties of tempered steel enable us to use it in the manufacture of tools which need a fairly hard steel. High carbon steel is harder than tempered steel, but it is much more difficult to work.

These heat treatments take place during the various shaping operations.