Blast-furnace

The modern blast-furnace constitutes the largest and most complicated type of metallurgical plant. Such a plant is capable of producing more than on6 thousand tons of pig iron a day. It consumes large quantities of raw materials. The material entering the blast-furnace consists of the iron ore, the flux (limestone), and a fuel.

The blast-furnace derived its name from the fact that the air to support combustion must be forced into it under pressure, because of the resistance offered by the column of material within the shaft to passage of the combustion gases. The air is usually blown in the bottom through the tuyeres.

The term "charge" refers to the materials fed at the top and includes the fuel, the ore and the flux.

The blast-furnace is a circular shaft of varying dimensions made of fire brick. The furnace has cylindrical crucible at its base for the molten products to be collected. The diameter of the shaft is the biggest in the zone of fusion. A typical blast-furnace is shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 - Blast-furnace 1. blast-furnace top; 2. shaft; 3. fumigating chamber; 4. shoulders; 5. hearth; 6. tap hole; 7. cast iron channel; 8. foundation; 9. supporting columns; 10. hearth block; 11. slag channel; 12.slag hole; 13. tuyere; 14. ring tube; 15. blast-furnace lining; 16. blast-furnace jacket; 17. large cone of charging apparatus; 18. funnel; 19. skip hoist; 20, small cone of charging apparatus; 21. cup; 22. skip car; 23. small cone bar; 24. large cone bar

Chemical reactions between carbon, oxygen, and iron and its oxides occur within the blast-furnace.

As a result of these reactions pig iron and slag are produced.

The cupola is a small blast-furnace used to remelt pig iron for the purpose of making iron castings in the foundry.

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Література: [3, с. 18-24; 4, с. 38-44; 14, с. 78-91].