Surface equipment

Water often flows into a well along with oil and gas. All th__ __ __ 1) fluids a__ __ 2) collected b__ 3) surface equi__ __ __ __ __ 4) for separ__ __ __ __ __ 5) into g__ __ 6), oil, a__ __ 7) water frac__ __ __ __ __ 8) for sto__ __ __ __ 9) and distri__ __ __ __ __ __ 10). The wa__ __ __ 11), which cont__ __ __ __ 12) salt a__ __ 13) other mine__ __ __ __ 14), is usu__ __ __ __ 15) reinjected in__ __ 16) formations th__ __ 17) are we__ __ 18) separated fr__ __ 19) freshwater aqui__ __ __ __ 20) close t__ 21) the sur__ __ __ __ 22). In ma__ __ 23) cases i__ 24) is p__ __ 25) back in__ __ 26) the form__ __ __ __ __ 27) from wh__ __ __ 28) it ca__ __ 29). At ti__ __ __ 30), produced wa__ __ __ 31) forms a__ 32) emulsion wi__ __ 33) the o__ __ 34) or a so__ __ __ 35) hydrate comp__ __ __ __ 36) with t__ __ 37) gas. I__ 38) those ca__ __ __ 39), specially desi__ __ __ __ 40) treaters a__ __ 41) used t__ 42) separate t__ __ 43) three compo__ __ __ __ __ 44). The cl__ __ __ 45) crude o__ __ 46) is se__ __ 47) to sto__ __ __ __ 48) at ne__ __ 49) atmospheric pres__ __ __ __ 50). Natural g__ __ 51) is usu__ __ __ __ 52) piped dire__ __ __ __ 53) to a cen__ __ __ __ 54) processing pl__ __ __ 55) (called a gaso__ __ __ __ 56) plant), wh__ __ __ 57) the rema__ __ __ __ __ 58) liquids (LP__ __ 59)) are rem__ __ __ __ 60) before i__ 61) is f__ __ 62) to t__ __ 63) consumer pipe__ __ __ __ 64). LPG is the major feedstock for making plastics and synthetic fibres and is the source of butane and propane fuel.

8. Well Control

One vital job drilling fluid should do is keep formation fluids from entering the wellbore. If eno__ __ __ 1) formation flu__ __ __ 2) enter t__ __ 3) wellbore, dril__ __ __ __ 4) personnel s__ __ 5) that t__ __ 6) well ”ki__ __ __ 7) ”. A kick, i__ 8) not recog__ __ __ __ __ 9) and prop__ __ __ __ 10) handled, c__ __ 11) lead t__ 12) a blowout. A blo__ __ __ __ 13) can b__ 14) a catastrophic ev__ __ __ 15). In ma__ __ 16) cases, flu__ __ __ 17) in t__ __ 18) blowout ign__ __ __ 19) and red__ __ __ 20) the r__ __ 21) to a mel__ __ __ 22) pile o__ 23) junk. Blow__ __ __ __ 24) not on__ __ 25) waste o__ __ 26) and g__ __ 27), but al__ __ 28) threaten hu__ __ __ 29) lives. Obvi__ __ __ __ __ 30), drilling cr__ __ __ 31) take a gr__ __ __ 32) deal o__ 33) care n__ __ 34) to al__ __ __ 35) blowouts, a__ __ 36), in fa__ __ 37), not ma__ __ 38) occur. B__ __ 39), because a blo__ __ __ __ 40) is of__ __ __ 41) a spectacular sh__ __ 42) and hu__ __ __ 43) lives a__ __ 44) sometimes lo__ __ 45), a blowout of__ __ __ 46) becomes a me__ __ __ 47) event. Unfort__ __ __ __ __ __ __ 48), the impre__ __ __ __ __ 49) may lin__ __ __ 50) that blow__ __ __ __ 51) are n__ __ 52) the rar__ __ __ 53) they actu__ __ __ __ 54) are. I__ 55) reality, thou__ __ __ __ __ 56) of we__ __ __ 57) are dri__ __ __ __ 58) every ye__ __ 59) and ve__ __ 60) few o__ 61) them bl__ __ 62) out.

A ho__ __ 63) full o__ 64) mud th__ __ 65) weighs t__ __ 66) right amo__ __ __ 67) – has t__ __ 68) correct den__ __ __ __ 69) – cannot bl__ __ 70) out. B__ __ 71) sometimes t__ __ 72) unexpected occ__ __ __ 73). Because a r__ __ 74) crew i__ 75) only hu__ __ __ 76), they c__ __ 77) make a__ 78) error a__ __ 79) allow form__ __ __ __ __ 80) fluid su__ __ 81) as g__ __ 82), oil, o__ 83) salt wa__ __ __ 84) to en__ __ __ 85) the ho__ __ 86). When form__ __ __ __ __ 87) fluids en__ __ __ 88) the ho__ __ 89) – when a ki__ __ 90) occurs – i__ 91) makes i__ 92) presence kn__ __ __ 93) by cer__ __ __ __ 94) things th__ __ 95) happen i__ 96) the circu__ __ __ __ __ __ 97) system. F__ __ 98) example, t__ __ 99) level o__ 100) mud i__ 101) the ta__ __ __ 102) may ri__ __ 103) above nor__ __ __ 104) level, o__ 105) mud m__ __ 106) flow o__ __ 107) of t__ __ 108) hole ev__ __ 109) with t__ __ 110) mud pu__ __ 111) stopped. Alert drilling crews spot these anomalies (although the anomalies are sometimes subtle) and take steps to control the well and prevent a blowout.

9. Data Processing

Magnetic minerals (magnetite) in oil and gas deposits may indicate directly or semi-directly the presence of oil and gas deposits, therefore magnetic methods are applied to hydrocarbon exploration in oil-bearing sedimentary basins. The ba__ __ __ 1) problem i__ 2) the appli__ __ __ __ __ __ 3) of magn__ __ __ __ 4) methods i__ 5) the isol__ __ __ __ __ 6) of we__ __ 7) magnetic anom__ __ __ __ __ 8) caused b__ 9) low concent__ __ __ __ __ __ __ 10) of t__ __ 11) magnetic mine__ __ __ __ 12). These we__ __ 13) anomalies a__ __ 14) often mas__ __ __ 15) by mu__ __ 16) stronger magn__ __ __ __ 17) anomalies cau__ __ __ 18) by under__ __ __ __ __ 19) magnetic ro__ __ __ 20) and/o__ 21) by ro__ __ __ 22) in t__ __ 23) sedimentary ba__ __ __ 24). The we__ __ 25) anomalies c__ __ 26) efficiently isol__ __ __ __ 27) by appl__ __ __ __ 28) selective band__ __ __ __ 29) filters. T__ 30) solve th__ __ 31) target, w__ 32) suggest a proc__ __ __ __ __ 33) of proce__ __ __ __ __ 34) including t__ __ 35) steps a__ 36) follows: T__ __ 37) first st__ __ 38) is t__ 39) isolate t__ __ 40) weak magn__ __ __ __ 41) anomalies cau__ __ __ 42) by l__ __ 43) concentrations o__ 44) magnetic mine__ __ __ __ 45). In th__ __ 46) step, sele__ __ __ __ __ 47) bandpass fil__ __ __ __ 48) can b__ 49) applied t__ 50) isolate t__ __ 51) weak magn__ __ __ __ 52) anomalies, wh__ __ __ 53) are of__ __ __ 54) masked b__ 55) much stro__ __ __ __ 56) magnetic anom__ __ __ __ __ 57) caused b__ 58) underlying magn__ __ __ __ 59) rocks a__ __ 60) /or b__ 61) rocks i__ 62) the ba__ __ __ 63). The next step is to determine the spatial positions of magnetic sources, such as the horizontal coordinates of edges of magnetic sourced, the source depth.

10. Finding Petroleum Traps

In the early days of oil exploration, wildcatten (those who drill wildcat wells, which are wells drilled where no oil or gas is known to exist) often drilled in an area because of a hunch. They h__ __ 1) no id__ __ 2) how o__ __ 3) and g__ __ 4) occurred a__ __ 5) probably di__ __ 6) ’t ca__ __ 7). Anybody wi__ __ 8) enough mo__ __ __ 9) to ba__ __ 10) up a bel__ __ __ 11) that o__ __ 12) lay un__ __ __ 13) the gro__ __ __ 14) at so__ __ 15) location o__ 16) the ot__ __ __ 17) drilled a we__ __ 18). If th__ __ 19) were lu__ __ __ 20), they h__ __ 21) a strike. So__ __ 22), however, geolo__ __ __ __ __ 23) began appl__ __ __ __ 24) earth sci__ __ __ __ 25)

to t__ __ 26) search f__ __ 27) oil. F__ __ 28) example, th__ __ 29) looked f__ __ 30) features o__ 31) the sur__ __ __ __ 32) that indi__ __ __ __ __ 33) subsurface tr__ __ __ 34).

Most petr__ __ __ __ __ 35) deposits l__ __ 36) so dee__ __ __ 37) buricil, how__ __ __ __ 38), that n__ 39) surface feat__ __ __ __ 40) hint a__ 41) their pres__ __ __ __ 42). Yet, t__ __ 43) subsurface ho__ __ __ 44) large quant__ __ __ __ __ 45) of o__ __ 46) and g__ __ 47). Consider al__ __ 48) that mu__ __ 49) of t__ __ 50) world’__ 51) oil a__ __ 52) gas prob__ __ __ __ 53) lies offs__ __ __ __ 54), covered b__ 55) hundreds o__ 56) thousands o__ 57) feet o__ 58) meters o__ 59) water a__ __ 60) more thou__ __ __ __ __ 61) of fe__ __ 62) or mit__ __ __ 63) of ro__ __ 64). Fortunately, scien__ __ __ __ __ 65) have deve__ __ __ __ __ 66) effective indi__ __ __ __ 67) methods t__ 68) view t__ __ 69) subsurface. They use seismology the most.

11. Overview of the Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Process

The oil and gas industry comprises two parts: ‘upstream’— t__ __ 1) exploration a__ __ 2) production sec__ __ __ 3) of t__ __ 4) industry; a__ __ 5) ‘downstream’—t__ __ 6) sector wh__ __ __ 7) deals wi__ __ 8) refining a__ __ 9) processing o__ 10) crude o__ __ 11) and g__ __ 12) products, th__ __ __ 13) distribution a__ __ 14) marketing. Comp__ __ __ __ __ 15) operating i__ 16) the indu__ __ __ __ 17) may b__ 18) regarded a__ 19) fully integ__ __ __ __ __ 20), (i.e. have bo__ __ 21) upstream a__ __ 22) downstream inte__ __ __ __ __ 23)), or m__ __ 24) concentrate o__ 25) a particular sec__ __ __ 26), such a__ 27) exploration a__ __ 28) production, comm__ __ __ __ 29) known a__ 30) an E&P com__ __ __ __ 31), or ju__ __ 32) on refi__ __ __ __ 33) and mark__ __ __ __ __ 34) (a R&M company). Ma__ __ 35) large comp__ __ __ __ __ 36) operate glob__ __ __ __ 37) and a__ __ 38) described a__ 39) ‘multi-nationals’, whi__ __ __ 40) other sma__ __ __ __ 41) companies conce__ __ __ __ __ __ 42) on spec__ __ __ __ 43) areas o__ 44) the wo__ __ __ 45) and a__ __ 46) often refe__ __ __ __ 47) to a__ 48) ‘independents’. Frequ__ __ __ __ __ 49), a specific cou__ __ __ __ 50) has ves__ __ __ 51) its inte__ __ __ __ __ 52) in o__ __ 53) and g__ __ 54) in a nati__ __ __ __ 55) company, wi__ __ 56) its na__ __ 57) often refle__ __ __ __ __ 58) its nati__ __ __ __ 59) parenthood. I__ 60) the upst__ __ __ __ 61) sector, mu__ __ 62) reliance i__ 63) placed up__ __ 64) service a__ __ 65) upon contr__ __ __ __ __ 66) companies w__ __ 67) provide speci__ __ __ __ __ 68) technical serv__ __ __ __ 69) to t__ __ 70) industry, ran__ __ __ __ 71) from geoph__ __ __ __ __ __ 72) surveys, dril__ __ __ __ 73) and ceme__ __ __ __ __ 74), to cate__ __ __ __ 75) and ho__ __ __ 76) services i__ 77) support o__ 78) operations. This relationship between contractors and the oil companies has fostered a close partnership, and increasingly, contractors are fully integrated with the structure and culture of their clients.

APPENDIX 2. Interpreting charts, tables, graphs and diagrams

Figure 1. Cap rock

Figure 2. Diagram of parts of synclines and anticlines

Figure 3. Salt dome

Figure 4. Porosity

Figure 5. Reservoir rock - saturation

with different fluids

Figure 6. Direction of faults

Figure 7. Petroleum system

Figure 8. Rotary Drilling Rig

Figure 9. Drilling derrick

Figure 10. Rig. Specialized drilling rigs have been designed to operate in a variety of water depths and on land

Figure 11. Semi- submersible rig

Figure 12. Drillship

Figure 13. Jack-up rig

Figure 14. Sucker rod pump system

Figure 15. Applications of directional drilling

Figure 16. Drilling through dipping strata

Figure 17. Wireline electrical logging

Figure 18. Elements of a rock bit

(Courtesy of Hughes

Christensen)

Figure 19. Polycrystalline Compact

(PDC) Bits(Courtesy of Hughes

Christensen)

Figure 20. Kelly hose

Figure 22. Crown block

Figure 23. Traveling block

Figure 24. Hook

Figure 25. Elevator

Figure 26. Topdrive

Figure 27. Drawworks

Figure 28. Breakout cathead

Figure 29. Drill collar

Figure 30. Hydraulic jar

Figure 31. Casing string

Figure 32. Cementing

Figure 33. Blowout

Figure 34. Blowout preventer

Figure 35.

Figure 36.

Figure 37.

Figure 38.

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Учебное издание

Бочарова Ирина Геннадьевна

Дворак Екатерина Валерьевна

Дружинина Нина Сергеевна

Попова Мария Иннокентьевна