B. Vocabulary Practice. I .Give English equivalents for:

I.Give English equivalents for:

1) технология добычи нефти, 2) оптимальная разработка, 3) прогноз эксплуатационных характеристик, 4) технология исследований и разработки коллекторов, 5) инженерная геология, 6) технология бурения, 7) горное дело, 8) чья цель, 9) область специализации, 10) объединить все специализации, 11) эффективная система, 12) сохранение минимальных затрат на бурение, 13) заканчивать скважину, 14) проектировать оборудование, 15) откачивать жидкость на поверхность, 16) обеспечивающий эффективную добычу, 17) доработка оборудования, 18) наземное оборудование, 19) оценка данных, 20) коллекторские свойства, 21) протяженность площади, 22) нефтенасыщенность, 23) газонасыщенность, 24) водонасыщенность, 25) добыча вторичными методами, 26) добыча с искусственным поддержанием пласта, 27) оптимальные результаты.

II. Give Russian equivalents for:

1) the optimized development, 2) technical analysis, 3) its origin lie in, 4) economic and regulatory considerations, 5) in such endeavours, 6) engineers from other disciplines, 7) to supervise drilling operations, 8) to store oil and gas, 9) the overall recovery of oil, 10) to calculate the amount of oil and gas, 11) to study the reservoir’s past behaviour, 12) ultimate recovery, 13) the reservoir rock-fluid system, 14) formation-evaluation engineer, 15) far underground, 16) remoteness, 17) indirect and imperfect measurements, 18) downhole pump operation, 19) wellbore measurements, 20) to yield optimal results, 21) downhole pump operation, 22) regardless of their area of specialization

III.Fill in the appropriate word(s) from the list below into the extracts and translate them into Russian:

a) reservoir, efforts, gas, activities, physical, impact, disciplines, engineering, refers, hydrocarbons, recovery, porous, related, crude oil, distribution, recoverable

"Petroleum Engineering" … to the subsurface engineering activities related to the production of …, which can be either … or …. These activities are deemed to fall within the upstream sector of the oil and gas industry which are the … of finding and producing hydrocarbons prior to the point of refining or … to a market, which is referred to as the downstream sector. Petroleum geology and petroleum … are the two main subsurface … within the oil and gas industry, which focus on maximizing economic … of hydrocarbons from subsurface reservoirs. Petroleum geology focuses on provision of a static description of the hydrocarbon reservoir rock, while petroleum engineering focuses on estimation of the … volume of this resource using a detailed understanding of the … behavior of oil, water and gas within … rock at very high pressure. The combined … of geologists and petroleum engineers throughout the life of a hydrocarbon accumulation determine the way in which a … is developed and depleted, and usually they have the highest … on field economics. Petroleum engineering requires a good knowledge of many other … disciplines, such as geophysics, petroleum geology, formation evaluation (well logging), drilling, economics, reservoir simulation, well engineering, artificial lift systems, and oil and gas facilities engineering.

b) analysis, extracting, environments, compared, implement, computer modeling, extreme, enhanced, recent, commonplace

Petroleum engineering has become a technical profession that involves … oil in increasingly difficult situations as the "low hanging fruit" of the world's oil fields are found and depleted. Improvements in …, materials and the application of statistics, probability …, and new technologies like horizontal drilling and … oil recovery, have drastically improved the toolbox of the petroleum engineer in … decades. As mistakes may be measured in millions of dollars, petroleum engineers are held to a high standard. Deep water operations can arguably be … to space travel in terms of technical challenges. Arctic conditions and conditions of … heat have to be contended with. High Temperature and High Pressure (HTHP) … that have become increasingly … in today's operations require the petroleum engineer to be savvy in topics as wide ranging as thermo hydraulics, geomechanics, and intelligent systems. Petroleum engineers must … high technology plans with manpower and high coordination, often in dangerous conditions.

c)amount, reported, sources, deposits, technology, potential, ground, hydrocarbons, tar

The future of petroleum as a fuel remains somewhat controversial. USA Today news … in 2004 that there were 40 years of petroleum left in the…. Some argue that because the total … of petroleum is finite, the dire predictions of the 1970s have merely been postponed. Others claim that … will continue to allow for the production of cheap … and that the earth has vast … of unconventional petroleum reserves in the form of … sands, bitumen fields and oil shale that will allow for petroleum use to continue in the future, with both the Canadian tar sands and United States oil shale … representing … reserves matching existing liquid petroleum deposits worldwide.

d) based, petroleum, available, production, dependent, proven, unconventional reserves, decline, method, reduction, predictions, discovered, previously, delay, recognized

The Hubbert peak theory (also known as peak oil) posits that future … production (whether for individual oil wells, entire oil fields, whole countries, or worldwide production) will eventually peak and then … at a similar rate to the rate of increase before the peak as these reserves are exhausted. It also suggests a … to calculate the timing of this peak, … on past production rates, the observed peak of past discovery rates, and … oil reserves. Controversy surrounds … of the timing of the global peak, as these predictions are … on the past production and discovery data used in the calculation as well as how … are considered. But the peak of oil discoveries was in 1965, and oil production per year has surpassed oil discoveries every year since 1980. Moreover, supergiant fields have been … in the past decade. It is difficult to predict the oil peak in any given region, due to the lack of transparency in accounting of global oil reserves. Based on … production data, proponents have … predicted the peak for the world to be in years 1989, 1995, or 1995 - 2000. Some of these predictions date from before the recession of the early 1980s, and the consequent … in global consumption, the effect of which was to … the date of any peak by several years. Just as the 1971 U.S. peak in oil production was only clearly … after the fact, a peak in world production will be difficult to discern until … clearly drops off.

IV. Match the following terms with their definitions and give their Russian equivalents:

geomechanics, production, drilling engineers, artificial lift, enhanced oil recovery, reservoir engineers, second recovery, surface facilities, production engineers, peak oil

1. Engineers who work to optimize production of oil and gas via proper well placement, production levels, and enhanced oil recovery techniques;

2. Engineers who manage the technical aspects of drilling both production and injection wells;

3. Engineers who manage the interface between the reservoir and the well, including perforations, sand control, artificial lift, downhole flow control, and downhole monitoring equipment; they also select surface equipment that separates the produced fluids (oil, natural gas, and water);

4. The third stage of hydrocarbon production during which sophisticated techniques that alter the original properties of the oil are used. Enhanced oil recovery can begin after a secondary recovery process or at any time during the productive life of an oil reservoir. Its purpose is not only to restore formation pressure, but also to improve oil displacement or fluid flow in the reservoir;

5. The second stage of hydrocarbon production during which an external fluid such as water or gas is injected into the reservoir through injection wells located in rock that has fluid communication with production wells; its purpose is to maintain reservoir pressure and to displace hydrocarbons toward the wellbore;

6. The phase that occurs after successful exploration and development and during which hydrocarbons are drained from an oil or gas field;

7. The means or equipment facilitating the performance of an action at the uppermost level of the land;

8. The study and application of rock and soil mechanics;

9. The point in time when the maximum rate of global petroleum extraction is reached, after which the rate of production enters terminal decline;

10. Any system that adds energy to the fluid column in a wellbore with the objective of initiating and improving production from the well.

V. Explain in English the following terms using a specialized dictionary or glossary, give their Russian equivalents and make up your own sentences with them:

a log analyst, rock-fluid system, acoustic properties, upstream sector, downstream sector, technical analysis, petrophysical engineer, development.

VI. Give English translation for: