Exercise 16. Find out information about

* different approaches that can be used to control pollution;

* the reprocessing of some waste products for reuse;

* new devices that prevent particulate from leaving industrial smokestacks;

* methods of reducing pollution from automobile engines;

* the use of biological controls instead of pesticides;

* the ways of the use of harmful materials.

UNIT 2 Recycling Tyres

Exercise 1. Look through and remember the following words: Consumer goods, vulcanised rubber, potential fire hazard, landfill, retreading, tyre chipping scheme, granulated, soft cushioning material, de- vulcanised, re-converted, drainage system, tyre retailer.

Exercise 2. Read and translate the text.

Recycling Tyres

Cars buses, planes - most of our transport systems rely on tyres. Most of our food and consumer goods is delivered by truck, hence our reliance on tyres to smooth the way is immense. We all know what a pain it

is when we get a puncture - but what happens when we come to change our tyres?

Tyres are made from vulcanised rubber. This is a very tough form of chemically enhanced rubber. This material contains highly toxic, both for humans and the environment, substances, and is a potential fire hazard. When incinerated, tyres produce a lot of pollutants which are dangerous when released into the atmosphere. When put into landfill, tyres take a considerable amount of time to break down.

One option for dealing with used tyres is a process called retreading. This is a process that replaces the tread section of the tyre, that has the continued traction with the road, or the entire outer surface of the tyre. Within Ukraine, truck tyres can be retreaded up to 3 times, and car tyres just once. These procedures must be strictly regulated by the Government.

Some landfill companies are now operating a tyre chipping scheme. Tyres are brought to the landfill site in bulk from recycling centres, and are cut into chips or granulated. This can then be used in a variety of ways - as carpet underlay, as a soft cushioning material for children's play areas, or reprocessed further, and used to make rubber mats and other goods. Tyres can also be de-vulcanised and re-converted into rubber. This is of poor quality, but it can be mixed with virgin material to produce new tyres and other consumer rubber goods.

Often, landfill companies use tyres as they are in the landfill to create a drainage system. This can lead however to toxic chemicals leaching from the rubber and into water systems.