Answer the Questions. 1.What literary movement did she belong to?

1.What literary movement did she belong to?

2. What literary technique did she use? What for?

3. What is her most famous novel about?

4. What other works did she write?

5. In what books did she express her socialist-feminist theories?

6. What intellectual group did she belong to?

7. What soared her reputation?

9.4. James Joyce James Joyce (1882—1941), an Irish novelist, revolutionized the treatment of plot and characterization in fiction. Many critics consider William Shakespeare his only rival as a master of the English language.

Joyce was bom in Dublin and wrote all his works about that city, though he lived outside Ireland from 1904 on. He lived and wrote in Paris, Rome, Trieste, and Zurich and returned to Ireland only twice, brieily in 1909 and 1912. Joyce suffered a painful eye disease for most of his adult life and became almost blind despite many operations.

Joyce's first major work was «Dublincrs» (1914), a collection of stories that reflects his concern with life among the Irish lower middle class. «А Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man» (1916), is a largely autobiographical novel. Joyce appears as the character Stephen Dedalus. Like Joyce, Stephen finds himself in conflict with his family, the Roman Catholic Church, and the nationalistic zeal of the Irish people. And like Joyce, Dedalus leaves Ireland and becomes a writer. In tracing Stephen's growth to young manhood, Joyce used a highly imaginative style. This style led to his later use of the interior monologue, or stream of consciousness technique. This technique gives the reader the illusion of following the character's thoughts.

Joyce lived in poverty and obscurity until 1922, when the publi­cation of «Ulysses» made him one of the most celebrated novelists of the 1900's. «Ulysses» takes its title from parallels Joyce estab­lished between the adventures of his main character, Leopold Bloom, and those of Ulysses. Ulysses (Odysseus in Greek) was the hero of the «Odyssey», a Greek epic poem. Bloom suffers ridicule because he is Jewish and has peculiar sexual tastes and because his wife. Molly, is unfaithful. He survives the pain and sorrow of his life by a remarkable capacity to absorb suffering — and even to enjoy it.

«Finnegans Wake» (1939), is probably Joyce's greatest work, though it lacks the human quality of «Ulysses». In this novel, Joyce portrayed one family and at the same time all families, everywhere, at all times in history. The hero's initials, HCE, stand for Humphrey Chimpden Earwicker, a Dublin iunkeeper. But they also stand for Here Comes Everybody. In the story, Dublin symbolizes all cities. Joyce crammed the book with topical and historical names, events, myths, songs, jokes, and gossip. His goal was to make all people, places, things, and times repeat and resemble each other.

Joyce's technique can be studied from the first sentence of «Finnegans Wake»: «riverrun, past Eve and Adam's, from swerve

of shore to bend of bay, brings us by commodius vicus of recircu­lation back to Howth Castle and Environs». This sentence also ends the book. Joyce thus implied that once the events of «Finnegans Wake» are complete, they, like history itself, will be­gin again.

The above sentence traces the flow of the River Liffcy through Dublin, past the Church of Adam and Eve, out into Dublin Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. From there, by evaporation and recirculation, the water returns to the physical starting point of the book, Howth Castle. The reference to Adam and Eve introduces a major theme of the book, the Fall of Man. In Irish-Gaelic, the river is called Anna Liffey, meaning River of Life. The river becomes interchange­able with Joyce's major female character, Anna Livia Plurabelle. She symbolizes the mother of humanity.

Joyce's other works includc two collections of poems, «Chamber Music» (1907), and «Pomes Penyeach» (1927); and aplay, «Exiles» (1918).