Lignin-carbohydrate complexes 181, 258, 796

– formation and structure 171

– residual see RLCC

lignin content 1227–1228

– in relation to carbohydrate yield in alkaline

Pulping 186

– in relation to wood component yields 481

– in softwoods and hardwoods 22

– residual 1014, 1033

Lignin model compounds

– a-carbonyl group-containing 655

– relative oxygen susceptibility 640

Lignin species, degradation during kraft

Pulping 213

lignin structures 164–165, 173–174, 261–263

– b-O-4 263

– phenolic 795

– reactivity 634–641

– residual 262, 713–716

– responsible for bleaching reactivity 261

lignosulfonates, structure 415–416

lime cycle processes 990–991

Lime kiln

– emission limits 1003

– schematic 991

Lime mud 987

lime reburning 986–991

Limiting-consistency model 517

Limiting degree of polymerization 1043

Linkages, frequencies in kraft residual lignin

Liquid chromatography 1232

Liquid-ring vacuum pump 977

Liquidamber styraciflua, kinetic parameters for

Xylan water prehydrolysis 333

Liquor charging, acid sulfite pulping process

Chemistry 428

Liquor circulation 887

– implications 893–894

– schematic 889

liquor composition, AS/AQ and kraft

Pulping 476

Liquor cycle closure, stages 891

Liquor management, advanced 366

Liquor-to-wood ratio, prehydrolysis 326

Liquors

– kraft cooking 113–121

– spent liquor composition 448

– see also black liquor, green liquor, orange

Liquor, white liquor

LMS see laccase mediator- system