Latewood, bordered pits 47

Latewood tracheids, Picea abies 62

Lattice conversion, wood dissolving pulp

Lattice transition

– alkali concentration 1043

– cellulose I 941, 1045

Layers

– cell wall 42

– model calculation 694

LCC see lignin–carbohydrate-complexes, see

Also lower cook circulation

Leaf fibers, cell dimensions and chemical

Composition 4

legislation, recycled fibers 1191–1210

Level-off DP 1011

– crystallite length 1264

Levopimaric acid, conversion to abietic acid

During kraft process 183

Levulinic acid 419

Lifetime, hydrogen peroxide 855

Light absorption coefficient

– as function of residual effective alkali 269

– kappa number 715

– residual softwood lignin 266

– unbleached pine 269

Light-scattering coefficient 1142

– pulp 1140–1141

Lignans

– hardwoods 38

– softwoods 37

lignification of the cell walls 44–46

lignin 30–31, 33, 713–716, 749, 856–858,

– addition of nucleophiles 167

– alternative bleaching methods 886

– angiosperms 30

– arabinoxylan 481

– bark 33

– birch 33

– bleaching 886, 1126

– bromination 316

– carbohydrate degradation 795

– a-carbonyl group-containing 655

– cell wall components 41

– charge transfer complexes 321

– chemical structure 858

– chromophore formation 172

– cold caustic extraction 950

– commercial 717–718

– composition after cooking and bleaching

634–640

– concentration see delignification, kappa

Number

– condensation 167–168, 420

– content 1230

– conventional kraft pulp 262

– 1,3-cycloaddition 790

– defiberization 1123

– degradation 213, 790–794

– demethylation reaction 169

– diarylmethane-type structures 169

– diffusion rate 149

– digester 298

– 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition 791

– dissolution in CBC process 284

– dissolved 207, 246, 284, 298

– Douglas fir 213

– electro-/nucleophilic attack sites 648

– electron-transfer reactions 170

– elimination kraft pulping reactions

169–170

– “false” 257

– fraction 173, 724, 950

– frequencies in kraft residual lignin 638

– functional group content 635

– fungi 886

– guaiacylpropane unit 165

– gymnosperms 30

– hardwoods 22, 33

– hydrogen peroxide 853

– hydrolysis 407–414

– hydroperoxide formation 856

– p-hydroxyphenyl groups 714

– p-hydroxyphenyl-propane unit 165

– kappa number reduction 960

– kraft pulping reactions 163–174, 323

– light absorption coefficient 266

– linkage frequencies 638

– mass balance during impregnation and