Use of the essential vocabulary. Task 2. Memorise the essential vocabulary to text 1 and translate the sentences containing it: (1) to accumulate (нагромаджувати

Task 2. Memorise the essential vocabulary to Text 1 and translate the sentences containing it:

(1) to accumulate (нагромаджувати, накопичувати) – to increase in number or quantity. A considerable experience in the sphere of management has been accumulated. accumulation –нагромадження, накопичення accumulative –що нагромаджується; що накопичується

(2) to base(засновувати; обґрунтовувати) – to use or have smth. as the foundation for smth. else. What exactly do you base that opinion on? basis – основа, підстава, фундамент

(3) concept(поняття; концепція) –an idea or a principle relating to smth.abstract. For a long time the Ukrainian management has been developing within the concept dominating in the former Soviet Union.

(4) to confirm(підтверджувати) – to provide support for the truth or correctness. The necessity of a radical change of economic relations, fundamental economic reforms had been confirmed. confirmation – підтвердження

(5) to consist in (полягати в чомусь) –to have the specified thing as its main or only element or feature. Respecting people consists in giving due weight to their interests.

(6) cost(ціна; вартість) – the price to be paid. A new computer system has been installed at the cost of $80 000; costs(видатки, витрати) – expenditure, usually of money, required for the purchase of goods or services or needed in achieving a goal. The industry will have to pass its increased costs on to the consumer. the cost of living –вартість життя costs of production – витрати виробництва at all costs, at any costs – за всяку ціну at cost – за собівартістю at the cost of – вартістю, за рахунок чогось cost-accounting (self-support) – господарський розрахунок

(7) to dominate(домінувати, переважати) – to have control or power over or a very strong influence on smb/smth. For a long time the Ukrainian management has been developing within the concept dominating in the former Soviet Union. domination – панування; перевага

(8) to enhance (збільшувати; посилювати; підвищувати) – to increase or improve further the good quality, value or status of smb/smth. At that time an attempt was made to implement an economic reform by enhancing the role of economic management methods.

(9) generalisation (узагальнення) – a statement that generalises. The modern model of management in Ukraine is being formed on the grounds of generalisation of experience of the developed countries in the world. to generalise – узагальнювати

(10) to implement (здійснювати, втілювати) – to put smth. into effect; to carry smth. out. At that time an attempt was made to implement an economic reform by enhancing the role of economic management methods. implementation – виконання, здійснення

(11) improvement (поліпшення, удосконалення) – the action or process of improving or of being improved; a positive change or effect. The new law should produce a significant improvement in working conditions. to improve – удосконалювати(ся), поліпшувати(ся) improved – удосконалений; досконаліший

(12) ineffectiveness (безрезультатність; неефективність) – incapacity to cause a desired result. However, such methods turned out to be unsuccessful which in its turn confirmed the ineffectiveness of the reforms within an administrative command system. ineffective – безрезультатний; неефективний

(13) initiation (введення, прийняття, започаткування) – the action of starting. One of the peculiarities of the 7th period is initiationand development of market reforms. to initiate –починати; покласти початок

(14) intensification(посилення, поглиблення) – becoming stronger or more concentrated. Transition to a territorial and territorial-sectoral administration system led to administration intensification. to intensify – інтенсифікувати, посилювати, поглиблювати

(15) introduction (запровадження) – the bringing of smth. into use or operation for the first time. Some problems may arise from the introduction of new licensing regulations. to introduce – вводити; запроваджувати

(16) production (виробництво, виготовлення)– the action of manu­facturing, growing, etc things, esp. in large quantities. The main task is developing forms and methods of state centralised production control. public production – суспільне виробництво to produce – виробляти, виготовляти producer – виробник

(17) profit(s)(прибуток, дохід) – money gained in business, esp. the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent. The enterprise started its operation according to the first model of self supporting based on normative distribution of profit. normative distribution of profit – нормативний розподіл прибутку

(18) realisation (усвідомлення, розуміння) – becoming aware of smth.; beginning to understand smth. This period is characterised by realisation of impossibility of reforming administrative command system that had been formed in the economy of the USSR. to realise – розуміти, усвідомлювати

(19) relations(стосунки, відносини)–links, contacts or dealings between people, groups or countries. The necessity of a radical change of economic relations, fundamental economic reforms had been confirmed. rental relations – орендні відносини economic relations– економічні відносини

(20) scheduling(планування) – planning. The third period is related to the organisation of an industrial basis of public production, the improvement of managerial structures, methods of selection and training of personnel, production scheduling and organisation. production scheduling – планування виробництва to schedule – планувати, розробляти план

Task 3. Match each word in section A with its translation in section B:

A. Rental; to schedule; regulation; public; realisation; ineffective; peculiarity; to intensify; management; profit; interaction; initiation; improvement; to generalise; confirmation; to define; managerial; implementation; to introduce; framework; concept; basis.

B. Узагальнювати; особливість; поліпшення; поглиблювати; прибуток; суспільний; yправління; адміністративний; введення; орендний; взаємодія; регулювання; підтвердження; планувати; визначати; запроваджувати; неефективний; усвідомлення; концепція; основи; рамки; виконання.

Task 4. Match each word in section A with the one of the similar meaning in section B:

A. To enhance; to define; initiation; basis; scheduling; to realise; attempt; to introduce; to realise; concept; to regulate; confirmation; costs.

B. Planning; to adjust; to initiate; effort; to increase; principle; foundation; starting; proof; to be aware; to determine; to understand; expenditures.

Task 5. Match each word in section A with the one of the opposite meaning in section B:

A. Profit; to enhance; to initiate; ineffective; to define; realisation; attempt; to confirm; to regulate; to manage; to implement; to improve.

B. Effective; to disarrange; failure; loss; to mismanage; to close, complete; to corrupt, damage; to cancel; to reduce; to confuse; to abrogate; inaction, laziness.

Task 6. Match each word in section A with its definition in section B:

A. Introduction; ineffectiveness; intensification; costs; management; relations; profit(s); regulation; to dominate; peculiarity; realisation; to implement.

B. Links, contacts or dealings between people; the action or process of regulating smth.; money gained in business; a distinctive feature; becoming aware of smth.; the bringing of smth. into use or operation for the first time; becoming stronger or more concentrated; incapacity to cause a desired result; to put smth. into effect; expenditure required for the purchase of goods or services; the control and making decisions in a business; to have control over or a very strong influence on smb./smth.

Task 7. Rearrange the following jumbled words into sentences:

1. For a long time, has been developing within the concepts, the Ukrainian management as a science, dominating in the former Soviet Union. 2. The research, towards the improvement, was directed, of the administrative-command system. 3. It enabled, in the sphere of manage­ment, the considerable experience, to have been accumulated. 4. The development, can be divided into 7 main periods, in the Soviet and post-Soviet times, of the science of management in Ukraine, with each of them having its own peculiarities. 5. That in its turn, within an administrative command system, confirmed, the ineffectiveness of the reforms. 6. The peculiarity is, of the economic reforms, transformation of the economic system, implementation. 7. Given the material evidence, 5 stages may be defined, of managerial efforts and economic processes, in this period. 8. The main task is, basic principles of centralism, organisational methods of management, to develop forms and methods of state centralised production control, administration and government regulation. 9. The peculiarity of the period, of managerial production control, attempts at applying cost-accounting as a basis of economic management techniques, consisted in the improvement, formal studies of opportunities of participative management. 10. At that time, to implement an economic reform, an attempt was made, by enhancing the role of economic management methods.

Task 8. Memorise the essential vocabulary to Text 2 and translate the sentences containing it:

(1) acknowledged (визнаний) – accepted or recognised. Mykhailo Tuhan-Baranovskyy’ most important and original contributions to economic analysis were only partially and almost grudgingly, acknowledged by contemporaries and successors. to acknowledge – визнавати; підтверджувати acknowledgement – визнання; підтвердження

(2) adviser (радник; консультант) – a person who gives advice, esp. smb. who is an expert in a particular field. Sent as an economic adviser with the Ukrainian delegation to the Paris Peace Conference, on January 8, 1919, Tuhan-Baranovskyy died in the railroad station at Oradne on the way from Kyiv to Odesa. to advise – радити(ся); консультувати

(3) to appoint (призначати; затверджувати (на посаді) – to choose smb. for a job or position of responsibility. In 1913 Mykhailo Tuhan-Baranovskyy was appointed to the Department of Political Economy. appointment – призначення (на посаду)

(4) aspiration (прагнення; сильне бажання) – a strong desire or ambition. Gradually coming to share the aspirations, ideas and political programs of the Ukrainian national and cooperative movement, Tuhan left Petrograd for Kyiv in the summer of 1917.

(5) to attach (прикріпляти; приєднувати) – to fasten or join smth. to smth. Great importance was attached to the development of economic thought. attachment – прикріплення; приєднання

(6) contemporary (сучасник; сучасний) – a person who lives or lived at the same time as another; belonging to the same time. His most important and original contributions to economic analysis were only partially and almost grudgingly, acknowledged by contemp­oraries and successors.

(7) cycle(цикл) – a series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order. Recurrent fluctuation between boom and depression in the economic activity of a country is called business cycle. business cycle – економічний цикл

(8) eminent (визначний, знаменитий) – famous and respected in a profession. “Modern Socialism in its Historical Development” (1906) made Tuhan “the most eminent” Slav economist of that period.

(9) grudgingly (неохоче; скупо) – unwillingly. His most important and original contributions to economic analysis were only partially and almost grudgingly, acknowledged by contemporaries and successors. grudge – невдоволення; недоброзичливість; заздрість to grudge – заздрити

(10) heritage (спадщина) – things such as works of art, cultural achievements and customs that have been passed on from earlier generations. The history of economic thought is a part of the intellectual heritage of a country. heritance –успадкування heritor –спадкоємець

(11) influential (впливовий) – having a lot of influence on smb./smth. All of this activity should have made Tuhan the best-known and most influential Slav economist in the West. (to) influence on, upon, over – вплив; впливати to have an influence over smb. – мати вплив на когось the influence of example – сила прикладу a man of great influence – дуже впливова особа to be influenced by smth. – перебувати під впливом чогось

(12) marginal(крайній, граничний) – close to the limit of acceptability. “A Study of the Marginal Utility of Economic Goods” written in 1890 was the first work of Mykhailo Tuhan-Baranovskyy. margin – край, грань

(13) masterpiece (шедевр) – an individual’s best piece of creative work. His doctoral dissertation on “The Industrial Crises in Industrial England” and his masterpiece dedicated to the study of business cycles, gained him the position of assistant professor of political economy at the Faculty of Jurisprudence at St. Petersburg University.

(14) merit(s) (заслуга; властивості, якості) – a fact, an action or a quality that is good or that deserves praise or reward. In spite of the merit of his teaching and scientific research, culminating in his “Foundations of Political Economy”, a new veto by the minister forced him to resign.

(15) to resign (відмовитися від посади; піти у відставку) – to give up one’s job, position etc. A new veto by the minister forced him to resign and from 1913 to 1917, he taught at the Department of Economics of the Imperial Polytechnic Institute in St. Petersburg.

(16) scholarship (ученість; ерудиція; освіченість; заохочувальна стипендія) – the command of learning displayed by a scholar. The history of economic thought is a part of the intellectual heritage of a country and, as such, is necessary for an understanding of the present status of scholarship and culture in general. a man of great scholarship – високоосвічена людина

(17) successor (спадкоємець; наступник) – a person or thing that comes after and takes the place of smb./smth. His most important and original contributions to economic analysis were only partially and almost grudgingly, acknowledged by contemporaries and successors.

(18) utility (корисність) – the quality of being useful. His first work, “A Study of the Marginal Utility of Economic Goods” (1890) gained him the position of assistant professor of Political Economy at the Faculty of Jurisprudence at St. Petersburg University.

(19) veto(pl vetoes) (1) вето; заборона; 2) накладати вето; забороняти) – 1) the right to reject or forbid a decision or proposal of a law-making body, etc; 2) to use one’s right to reject or forbid smth. A new veto by the minister forced Tuhan-Baranovskyy to resign.

Task 9. Match each word in section A with its translation in section B:

A. Successor; to veto; grudgingly; adviser; influence; business cycles; merit; to recognise; appointment; eminent; to appoint; heritage; marginal; attachment; heritor; contemporary; utility; influential; aspiration; masterpiece; acknowledged; scholarship.

B. Наступник; заслуга; сучасник; визнаний; знаменитий; освіченість; спадкоємець; неохоче, скупо; економічні цикли; приєднання; накладати вето; прагнення; корисність; призначати; впливовий; граничний; визнавати; призначення; радник; вплив; спадщина; шедевр.

Task 10. Match each word in section A with the one of the similar meaning in section B:

A. Veto; to resign; grudgingly; scholarship; recognition; merit; margin; to influence; heritage; contemporary; eminent; aspiration; acknowledged; to attach.

B. Desire; edge, border; recognised; legacy; coeval; to fasten, to join; prohibition; famous; approval; erudition; to affect; to quit; unwillingly; value.

Task 11. Match each word in section A with the one of the opposite meaning in section B:

A. Successor; veto; grudge; acknowledged; to resign; eminent; utility; margin; scholarship; merit; to advise; contemporary.

B. Unrecognised; permission; uselessness; predecessor; illiteracy; unworthiness; centre; affection, kindness; common, ordinary; ancient, old; to mislead; to accept, to remain.

Task 12. Match each word in section A with its definition in section B:

A. Utility; acknowledged; eminent; contemporary; to resign; aspiration; successor; influential; to appoint; veto; cycle.

B. A person that comes after and takes the place of smb.; to give up one’s job; having a lot of influence on smb. or smth.; famous and respected in a profession; the quality of being useful; a series of regularly repeated events; smb. who lives at the same time with another person; a strong desire or ambition; to choose smb. for a job or position of responsibility; accepted or recognised; the right to reject or forbid a decision of a legislative body.

Task 13. Rearrange the following jumbled words into sentences:

1. There is no need, is as important, to argue that the study of the history of economic thought, as the study of any other science. 2. The history of economic thought, of the present status of scholarship, is a part of the intellectual heritage of a country, and is necessary for understanding, and culture in general. 3. Economic science in the present-day Ukraine, without knowledge of the historical processes, cannot be adequately understood, which contributed to its develop­ment. 4. Mykhailo Tuhan-Baranovskyy, in the village of Solone, was born on January 8, 1865, in the province of Kharkiv in Ukraine. 5. On graduating from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics at Kharkiv University, at the Faculty of Jurisprudence, he studied Political Economy and Statistics, at Kharkiv University. 6. His first work “A Study of the Marginal Utility of Economic Goods”, of political economy at the Faculty, gained him the position of assistant professor,of Jurisprudence at St. Petersburg University. 7. His fundamental work on “The Russian Factory, Past and Present”,made Tuhan the most eminent Slav economist, and the subsequent translation of his major works into foreign languages, of that period. 8. From 1905 onwards, and was recalled to the Faculty of Jurisprudence at St. Petersburg University, Tuhan worked with the daily newspaper “Rech”,as assistant professor. 9. In 1913, to the department, he was appointed, of Political Economy. 10. In spite of the merit of his teaching and scientific research, forced him, a new veto by the Minister, to resign.