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UN organizations:
UN General Assembly
• UN Commission on Int. Trade Law (UNICITRAL)
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
10 Programmes and Funds:
• UNDP (UN Development Programme)
• UNCDF (UN Capital Development Fund)
• UNED (UN Environment Programme)
• UNCTAD (UN Conference on Trade and Development) …
#17 Specialized Agencies
• ILO (Int. Labour Organization)
• FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN)
• UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization)
• WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization)
• IMF
• WB Group …
Related organizations:
WTO, IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency)
UNCTAD
1964, Geneva, 193 members
• Overall objective- multilateral negotiations on economic issues
• Information & research works (produce)
• Programmes of technical assistance (tailored to the specific requirements of developing countries, with special attention to the needs of the least developed countries and of economies in transition)
Results: UNCTAD conceived and implemented:
- GSP (Generalised System of Preferences) for exports (1971) + Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing countries (GSTP) -1989-aim: to increase trade between developing countries
- 1976-89: International Commodity Agreements &The Common Fund for Commodities (financing of stocks of commodities) – an instrument of the Integrated…
- Convention of Maritime transport
IMF
Washington consensus, (1989, Williamson): key objective of int. financial organizations is encouraging growth of national economies and the world economy in general.
Way – adjustment of finances.
Instruments – macroeconomic stability, external trade liberalisation (less custom duties), privatisation, de-regulation of finances.
Post-Washington consensus, (1990s, Stieglitz): wider understanding of the objective (+ living standards, more steady distribution of wealth, democratisation)
Extra instruments - monetary regulation, encouraging competition, investments in the human capital, development of new technologies.
IMF (Washington): 1944, 187 member-states.
IMF objectives:
• Provide a forum for co-operation on international monetary problems
• Promote exchange rate stability and an open system of int. payments
• Facilitate growth of int. trade job creation, ec. growth, poverty reduction
• Lend countries FX exchange, when needed, to help them address balance of payments problems
• Policy advice to governments and CBs
• Research & forecasts of global, regional and individual economies
• Technical assistance to help countries improve the potential of their economies
Its operation is based on charter capital.
Дата публикования: 2014-12-28; Прочитано: 372 | Нарушение авторского права страницы | Мы поможем в написании вашей работы!