Упражнения. 1. Read the following sentences

1. Read the following sentences. Comment on the type of sentences and translate them into Russian.

a) Listen to me, please!

b) Experience is the best teacher.

c) The digital age is having a profound impact on jobs.

d) Which of you asked the question?

e) You can take a horse to water, but you cannot make him drink.

f) This method has proved to give good results.

g) The fellow-students were translating the text while I was speaking with the teacher.

h) One can see many interesting exhibits at the Mining Museum.

i) The Mining Institute of St. Petersburg was founded in 1773.

j) Could we have more reliable information, our conclusion might be more convincing.

k) You have been, to Canada, haven’t you?

l) It is known that ice can freeze hard if the temperature is low.

m) What beautiful weather we are having!

n) Sam told he would go to the woods next Saturday.

2. Read the text and choose the answer from a)-e) which you think fits best according to the text. Pay attention to the words given bellow, read and memorize them. State and comment on the types of sentences. Translate the text into Russian.

Engineering materials

Engineering (n) [,end i‘ni ∂ riŋ] – техника, машиностроение, инженерное дело, конструирование, строительство

Engineering materials – машиностроительный материал, конструкционные материалы, технические материалы

Hardness (n) [‘ha:dnis] – твердость, жесткость, стойкость

Toughness (n) [‘t fnis] – сопротивление, ударная прочность, изломостойкость, пластичность

Elasticity (n) [,elæs‘tisiti] – эластичность, гибкость, упругость, нежесткость, деформируемость

Put through (v) – обрабатывать

Anneal (v) [ ∂ ‘ni:l] – отжигать, прокаливать, закалять

Internal stress – внутреннее напряжение

Quench (v) [‘kwent∫] – быстро охлаждать, закаливать

Brittle (adj) – хрупкий, ломкий

Ferrous metal – черный металл, сталь

Pig iron – чугун в чушках, первичный чугун

Cast-iron – чугун, литейный чугун, вторичный чугун

Open hearth process – мартеновский процесс, мартеновское производство

Do you know that of all the numerous kinds of materials, metal has always been the most important for an engineer? No doubt, you do! The properties of metal, such as hardness, toughness, elasticity, etc., depend on its crystalline structure and grain size. Before using metal in certain types of construction, it is first put through the process of annealing, which is a heat treatment. By annealing, the grain size of the metal is reduced and the internal stresses are removed. A metal may be hardened by quenching it, but this process makes it brittle.

Ferrous metals are the most common and also the most important. Pure iron has been used seldom in engineering, but we can hardly get along without its alloys.

Pig iron is produced from iron ore. Grey and white cast-iron is made by remelting pig iron. Steel is obtained from iron by different processes, such as the Bessemer process or the open-hearth process.

The important non-ferrous metals are copper, zinc, tin, lead, gold, silver, and some others.

What other engineering materials do you know?

What do the qualities of metal depend on?

They depend on nothing.

No information is given in the text.

They depend on the crystalline and size of particles of metal.

They depend on the grain size of metal.

They depend on the crystalline structure of metal.

What kind of process is annealing?

It is quenching. d) It is melting.

It is the thermal treatment. e) No information is given in

It is processing. the text.

What is removed by this process?

Grain. d) Toughness.

Hardness. e) Crystalline structure.

Internal stress.

How can any metal be hardened?

By means of making it brittle.

By quenching. d) By remelting.

By sheathing. e) By means of affinage.

What metals are used most commonly?

None. c) Steel. e) Ferrous metals

Pure iron. d) Pig iron.

What can we hardly do without?

Without the open-hearth process.

Without white cast-iron.

Without gold.

Without iron alloys.

Without the Bessemer process.

3. Read the text and choose the answer from a)-e) which you think fits best according to the text. Pay attention to the words given bellow, read and memorize them.

Where and how is oil found?

Explose (v) [iks‘p ∂ υz] – выходить (на поверхность), обнажаться

Exploratory well = wildcat well – разведочная скважина, разведочно-эксплуатационная скважина, поисковая скважина

Search for (n) [‘s 3:t∫] – поиск

Trap (n) – сброс, складка или моноклиналь, служащая ловушкой для нефти

Nonrenewable resources – невозобновляемые (невосполнимые) ресурсы

Oil shale – нефтеносный сланец, горючий сланец

In their search for oil, geologists study and map rocks exposed at the surface, or examine rock fragments brought to the surface when exploratory wells (or so-called wildcat wells) are drilled.

Many oil companies use the science of geophysics in their search for oil and employ a seismograph similar to that used to record earthquakes. Such seismic prospecting is carried on by producing small artificial “earthquakes” with explosives. The seismic record of the shock waves as they travel through the earth can suggest the type of rocks, their depth and whether a suitable trap is present.

Although the major source of oil and natural gas is rocks deeply buried within the earth’s crust, increasing demands placed on this rapidly exhausting nonrenewable resources have kindled interest in other sources. An especially promising source of new oil is oil shale.

What helps to find oil?

a. Everything.

b. No information is given in the text.

c. Collecting rocks.

d. Studying and mapping rocks found on the surface or analyzing pieces of rock extracted with the help of a well.

e. Studying and mapping rocks that are found on the earth’s surface.

What kind of registration shows the presence of oil in rocks?

Sound recording.

Seismic recording of shock waves.

Earthquakes in mountains.

Satellites (=orbital bodies).

No information is given in the text.

Where is the principle source of natural gas and oil hidden (=occur)?

i. Deep underground.

ii. Not far in the earth’s crust.

iii. At the bottom of the sea.

iv. In the oil pipeline.

v. At the oil refinery.

What is one of the potential sources of natural gas and oil?

a) Offshore deposits. d) Peat bogs.

b) Oil shale. e) Uranium mines.

c) Coal mines.

4. Read the text and choose the answer from a)-e) which you think fits best according to the text. Pay attention to the words given bellow, read and memorize them.

Oil shale

Yield (v) [‘ji:ld] – добывать, извлекать, образовывать, производить

Floor (n) – поверхность, русло-ложе

Body of water – водоем, водный объект, масса воды

Process (v) [‘pr ∂ υses] – перерабатывать, подвергать обработке

Combustible [k ∂ m‘b st ∂ bl] – горючий (газ), топливный

Fossiliferrous rock – порода, содержащая ископаемые организмы

Jurassic period [d u‘ræsik] – юрский период

Cretaceous period [kri‘tei∫ ∂ s] – критский (меловой) период

Triasic period [trai‘æsik] – триасовый период

It is a very fine-grained sedimentary rock that when processed contains sufficient organic matter (hydrocarbon) to yield oil. Most oil shale is dark black (dark brown or dark gray). Fine-grained rocks represent sediments deposited on the floors of ancient lake and oceans that covered parts of the earth during prehistoric time. The remains of the organisms that lived in these ancient bodies of water were trapped in the sediments after they died; they sank to the bottom and were later converted into oil. Oil shale can be burned as a solid fuel or processed to produce oil or combustible gas.

Oil shale is present in some of the earliest known fossiliferrous rocks (about 600 million years old) and also in many younger rocks, including a few small deposits that formed in modern lakes. It is rather widely distributed in certain sedimentary rocks throughout the world.

The known deposits of oil shale are estimated to be capable of yielding 10 gallons or more oil per ton of rock or a total of more than 2 trillion barrels. Some of this source of oil hydrocarbon gas or solid fuel is low-grade and some is a high-grade source of extracting gas or oil products. The most extensive high-grade oil shale deposits known are in North America. These lie in the United States in the Rocky Mountain region, extending almost 8000 square kilometers in parts of Colorado, Utah and Wyoming.

Large deposits of oil shale that formed during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods occur near the Brooks Range in northern Alaska, and deposits of Triassic period occur in eastern Alaska. They also occur in New Zealand.

What materials does oil shale have when it is processed to produce oil?

Inorganic substances.

Gas. d) Pulp.

Hydrocarbon. e) Non-ferrous metals.

What formed oil during prehistoric time?

Sphacelus.

Failed plantation.

Decomposed animals, birds and plants.

Animal, bird and plant remains.

Burned-out animals, birds and plants.

How can oil shale be used as combustibles?

It can be burned.

It can be processed.

It can be sublimated.

It can be either refined or stored.

It an be either burned or processed.

In what state (=form) can oil shale be combusted?

In solid state. d) In plasma state.

In liquid state. e) In any gaseous, liquid and

In gaseous state. solid state.

Where do the major oil shale deposits of commercial significance occur?

In the Russian Federation.

In Estonia. d) In Iraq.

In Kuwait. e) In the USA.