USED IN TOPIC 8

semantic redundancy	семантична надмірність
lexical cohesion	лексична когезія
repetition links	зв'язки, що базуються на лексико-семантичному повторенні мовних одиниць
interrelation links	зв'язки, що базуються на лексико-семантичному співвідношенні мовних одиниць
simple lexical repetition	просте лексичне повторення
complex lexical repetition	складне лексичне повторення
simple paraphrase	проста парафраза
complex paraphrase	складна парафраза
co-reference repetition	кореферентне повторення
substitution	субституція, заміщення
interpreter's note-taking (IN)	(універсальний) перекладацький скоропис (УПС)
precision lexicon	прецизійна лексика (числівники, дати, відсотки, власні імена, назви тощо)

Questions for discussion:

1. Give the reasons why semantic redundancy is considered to be one of the most important properties of oral discourse.

2. What are the main ways of ensuring semantic redundancy of messages?

3. Comment upon the main repetition links in oral discourse.

4. Comment upon the main interrelation links in oral discourse.

5. How can redundant elements of oral discourse help interpreters do their job?

6. Comment upon the main principles of interpreter's note-taking and the sphere of its application.

Make sight translation of the following texts:

1. How the Zero was Discovered

In the backwaters of time, before Hammurabi compiled his Code or Akhenaton renounced the Ruling Lord of Thebes, in a region known for its heat and abundance of humankind, a man whose name perhaps will never be pronounced was working hard and long upon a treatise that had come to him from Mesopotamia.

The man was weary from long hours of concentration. The curious numeration of the Sumerians, cuneiform in construction, was uncommonly hard to decipher; it had taken its toll. He put down his dustboard and repaired to the shade of a mustard tree for a short nap. Sleep came grudgingly; this was not unusual for an old man. Yet it was during this fitful sleep that he dreamt a dream.

In this dream he saw what no man had seen before. It appeared to him as the Eye of God. And this was possessed of a voice, in that it spoke to him:

"I am Nothingness. I can be united to something and only that something remains. I can be taken away in like manner. I am Void, yet, if something is multiplied or divided by Myself, only I shall remain.

In time, learned men will come to say that the Earth, itself, revolves upon Me. I am Emptiness. I will be worshipped as a secret symbol. My name will be whispered and uttered only in select company and darkened rooms.

I am Nothing, it is true, but I am also the steppingstone to the stars and the key to the secrets of the atom. I shall be called an Integer and described as Real. I am Rational. And, most importantly, I am Good."

Upon awakening, the unknown Hindu set down his dust board and drew upon it the Eye of God.

Thus did the Zero intrude itself upon the Universe.

1. Legacy of Death, bad Health lingers from Chornobyl blast

Any Ukrainian over 35 can tell you where they were when they heard about the accident at the Chornobyl plant.

"I remember calling my husband. There had been rumors for days about a nuclear accident. We had even hung blankets on the windows to stop radiation because we didn't know what to do," said Natalya, a 46-year-old financial analyst in Kyiv, whose husband was a journalist on a daily newspaper.

"He told me there had been a fire at the atomic plant in Chornobyl. That was for me the confirmation that the reactor had collapsed," she said this week, seated at her desk in her central Kyiv office. "We had no idea what to expect. It was awful."

As Japan battles to prevent a meltdown at its earthquake-hit Fukushima Daini nuclear plant, the people of Ukraine are preparing to mark the 25th anniversary of the world's worst nuclear accident.

The physical and financial legacies of that disaster are obvious: a 30-kilometer uninhabited ring around the Chornobyl plant, billions of dollars spent cleaning the region and a major new effort to drum up 600 million euros ($840 million) in fresh funds that Kyiv says is needed to build a more durable casement over the stricken reactor.

Just as powerful are the scars that are less easily seen: fear and an abiding suspicion that despite the reassuring reports by authorities and scientific bodies, people may still be dying from radiation after-effects.

While debate about the health impact continues, there is little doubt people in Ukraine and neighboring Belarus carry a psychological burden. Repeated studies have found that "exposed populations had anxiety levels that were twice as high" as people unaffected by the accident, according to a 2006 United Nations report.

Those exposed to radiation were also "3-4 times more likely to report multiple unexplained physical symptoms and subjective poor health than were unaffected control groups."

There are of course, crucial differences between Chornobyl and the disaster unfolding in Japan.

The Chornobyl accident was the product of human error when a test was poorly executed, while the Japanese failure was triggered by an earthquake and tsunami.

Chornobyl occurred in a secretive Soviet society which reformer Mikhail Gorbachev was only just opening up. The authorities embarked on an attempted cover-up and only partly admitted the truth three days later, denying themselves the chance of rapid international aid.

Despite criticisms that Tokyo could be a lot more transparent, Japan's disaster has taken place in a relatively open society.

Most importandy, thick containment walls at the Fukushima Daini plant shield the reactor cores so that even if there was a meltdown of the nuclear fuel, it's unlikely to lead to a major escape of radioactive clouds.

At Chiornobyl there was no containment structure. “When it blew, it blew everything straight out into the atmosphere,” said Murray Jennex of San Diego State University.

Despite those differences, though, the Chornobyl experience still contains lessons for other countries, says Volodymyr Holosha, the top Ukrainian Emergency Ministry official in charge of the area surrounding the Chornobyl plant.

“We were not ready for it – neither technologically nor financially," Holosha said. "'This is a priceless experience for other countries."