Ex. 4 Grammar focus 9. The Perfect Tenses

a) to have (has, had, will have) + Participle II

	Present	Past	Future
Affirmative	I We have You written They   He She has written It	I We You They had written He She It	I shall have We written   You They will have He written She It
Negative	I We have not (haven’t) You written They   He She has not (hasn’t) It written	I We You had not They (hadn’t) He written She It	I shall have We written   You They will not He (won’t) She written It
Interrogative	I Have we written? you they   he Hasshe written? it	I we you Hadthey written? he she it	Shall I have written? we   you they Will he have written? she it

Времена группы Perfect обозначают действие, которое совершилось к определенному моменту в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем.

Времена группы Perfect переводятся на русский язык глаголами совершенного вида и употребляются с наречиями времени (already, just, yet, never, ever): I have already passed my exam. Я уже сдал экзамен; и со словами, выражающими еще не истекшие периоды времени (today, this year, this month, this week, this morning, etc.), I have seen the film twice this week. Я дважды посмотрел фильм на этой неделе.

Present Perfect может употребляться для выражения действия, которое началось в прошлом и не закончилось в к данному моменту, а все еще продолжается. Период действия обычно указывается с помощью слов for (в течение) или since (с, с тех пор, с тех пор как). В этом случае Present Perfect переводится на русский язык глаголов несовершенного вида: I have lived here since 1990. – Я живу здесь с 1990 года.

Определенный момент в прошлом (Past Perfect) или будущем (Future Perfect) выражается обозначениями времени с предлогом by – к: by 3 o’clock yesterday, by 3 o’clock tomorrow, by time he came (comes): By the end of this week my friend will already have written his report on history. – К концу этой недели мой друг уже напишет свой доклад по истории.

b) Read the situations and write sentences in the Present Perfect Tense. Choose one of the following verbs:

arrive break go up grow improve lose

Model: Mike is looking for his key. He can’t find it. He ………………...

Mike is looking for his key. He can’t find it. He has lost it.

1. Margaret can’t walk and her leg is in plaster. She……………………….

2. Maria’s English wasn’t very good. Now it is much better……………….

3. Tim didn’t have a beard last month. Now he has a beard………………..

4. This morning I was expecting a letter. Now I have it. …………………..

5. Last week the bus fare was 80 pence. Now it is 90. …………………….

c) Make questions from the words in brackets, ask your partner about the things he has done and when he did it.

Model: (ever/ride/horse?) Have you ever ridden a horse?

Yes, I have. When did you do it?

1. (ever /be/California?)…………………………………..

2. (ever/run/marathon?)…………………………………...

3. (ever/speak/famous person?)…………………………..

4. (always/live/in this town?)…………………………….

5. (most beautiful place/ever/visit?)………………………

d)Translate the sentences which are used in the Present,Past or Future Perfect Tense.

1. We are late. The film will already have started by the time we get to the cinema.

2. By the time you arrived we had already left.

3. The students will have known the results of the exams by 3 o’clock tomorrow.

4. Have you heard from George recently?

5. When we got home last night, we found that somebody had broken into the flat.

6. Ted and Amy have been married for 24 years.

Ex. 5 Speaking. Browse the Internet and find additional information to fill in this chart. Summarize the information to compare the countries.