IX. Explain the italicized grammar constructions in the following sentences

1. For criminal offenses fines are also often used when the offense is not a very serious one and when the offender has not been in trouble before.

2.This requires the offender to do a certain amount of unpaid work, usually for a social institution such as a hospital.

3. In some countries, such as the Netherlands, living conditions in prisons are fairly good because it is felt that deprivation of liberty is punishment in itself and should not be so harsh that it reduces the possibility of the criminal re-educating and reforming himself.

4. Perhaps because of an increase in crime or because of more and longer sentences of imprisonment, some prison cells have to accommodate more than they were built to hold.

5. In Saudi Arabia theft and possession of alcohol may be punished by cutting off the offender’s hand or foot.

X. Find in the text the words corresponding to the following definitions.

a) the act of punishing; pain or penalty inflicted on a person for a crime;

b) any wrong-doing, as a violation of human law; a crime or sin;

c) to put someone in prison;

d) a punishment given by a judge in court to a person after he or she has been found guilty of doing something wrong;

e) to set something to be obeyed or fulfilled;

f) to prevent someone from doing something;

g) a person who is guilty of a crime.