Engineering specialties

One result of the rapid expansion of scientific knowledge was an increase in the number of engineering specialties. By the end of the nineteenth century mechanical, civil, and mining and metallurgical engineering were established and the newer specialties of chemical and electrical engineering also emerged. This growth in the number of specialties is continuing with the establishment of such disciplines as aerospace, nuclear, petroleum, and electronic engineering. Many of these are subdivisions of earlier specialties — for example, electronic from electrical engineering or petroleum from chemical. Within the field of mechanical engineering the major subdivision is industrial engineering which is concerned with complete mechanical systems for industry rather than individual machines.

Engineers design and make machines, equipment and the like. Such work requires creative ability and a working knowledge of scientific principles. The engineer must also have an understanding of the various processes and materials available to him/her and could be working in any of the following areas: the organization of manufacture, research and development, design, construction, sales and education.

There are many different kinds of engineers working on large projects such as the development of nuclear power or new aircraft. In the design of a new aircraft mechanical engineers work not only on the plane's engines but on other mechanical aspects such as the braking system. When the aircraft goes into production mechanical and industrial engineers are to design the machines necessary to fabricate the different parts as well as the entire system for assembling them. In both phases of such a project mechanical engineers In such projects mechanical engineers work with specialists in fields such as aerospace and electronic engineering. Each engineer is a member of a team often headed by a systems engineer able to combine the contributions made by all the different disciplines.

VI. Прочтите весь текст еще раз и ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы.

1. What was the result of the rapid expansion of scientific knowledge?

2. What kind of engineering was established by the end of the nineteenth century?

3. Which disciplines influenced the growth in the number of specialities?

4. What abilities must the engineer have nowadays?

5. Who works on large projects such as the development of nuclear power?

6. What engineering fields do engineers work in today?

7. How is the work of engineers organized nowadays?

8. What does a system endineer do?

Вариант 3

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видов-ременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на рус­ский язык, обратите внимание на особенности перевода пассивных конструкций (см. образец 1).

1. The last session of the United Nations General Assembly contributed to the strengthening of peace and international se­curity.

2. Washington, the capital of the United States of America, was named after the first President of the United States.

3. Tremendous changes have taken place in the world since World War II.

4. He UN emerged when World War II was coming to its fi­nal stage.

6. A full explanation was promised to us.

7. Will you be staying in this evening?

8. $ 5,000 is owed to me.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните Participle 1, Participle 2 и установите функции каждого из них, т. е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоя тельством или частью глагола - сказуемого, предложения переведите на русский язык (см. образец 2).

1. There was nothing to be seen or heard, not enen a barking dog.

2. Great Britain is one of the leading developed countries of the world.

3. While discussing the problems the students had to look through a lot of papers.

4. We had a very good view of all the surrounding scenery.

5. He didn’t usually utter a word unless spoken to.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркнитев каждом из них модальный глагол и его эквивалент, пред­ложения переведите на русский язык.

1. Will you be able to spend the coming vocation in Mos­cow? I hope I will.

2. He must know all about it as he has read a lot on the subject.

3. You will have to pay for the newspaper.

4. She was unable to explain the mistery.

5. I couldn’t see the forest through the other window because the new block of houses was erected.

6. You must repeat the modal verbs to know this grammar material well.

7. The students are not allowed to use any dictionaries doing the test.