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Below one can find the speculations of a former post-graduate student on his future dissertation
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Since I’m just in my first year of a post-graduate course my idea of the dissertation to be submitted in three years is rather hypothetical. Theoretically, I realize it’s to be composed of an introduction, two or three chapters, conclusion, bibliography, supplement, if necessary. Still, I can explain the basic points of my research right now.
To start with, the topic of the thesis sounds like that: “Application of Criminal Retrospection Method to Crime Investigation.” Evidently, the topic of the crime investigation methods is not new in criminalistics. Our research is supposed to contribute to this branch of law since it deals with such a topical problem as developing more reliable methods of crime investigation. Thus, the notion of “retrospection” in criminalistics and the ways of its application to crime detection will be dealt with in the research. On the surface the issue seems to be not innovative at all, but it’s not quite right. Ordinary understanding of the retrospection is enough to find “a lost pen” while we are targeting at the investigation of complicated crimes which needs profound theoretical study. Thus, our research is aimed at providing a practical worker with concrete up-to-date recommendations on retrospective analysis of crime detection.
The law is dynamic and ever-changing; as our society and community changes, the law must also change to fit the new needs and problems that arise.
Our research is supposed to begin with a survey of the literature on the problem under discussion, analysis of the latest achievements in this field, scrutiny of investigation methods to provide a theoretical basis for the research. History and the present state of the retrospection method application will be given particular emphasis to, case studies will be presented, basic rules, principles and the place of retrospection in modern criminalistics are to be defined. Case studies may become the subject of supplement attached to the main body of the research paper.
I realize the significance of the final part of any dissertation since it summarizes the results obtained, stresses the topicality of the research made, suggests the possibility for further research and practical application of theoretical assumptions.
I hope to solve all the tasks facing me as a researcher, and step by step proceed to the ultimate goal of any post-graduate – defence of the dissertation and the award of PhD degree.
This summarizing translation can be helpful for you while working on the topic “My work on the dissertation”.
1. К концу срока обучения в аспирантуре аспирант должен представить текст диссертационного исследования для обсуждения на одном из заседаний кафедры.
2. После обсуждения на кафедре, внесения необходимых изменений и исправлений работа получает рекомендацию к защите.
3. Диссертация предоставляется для рассмотрения членами соответствующего Ученого Совета и заслушивается на одном из его заседаний.
4. На защите претендент кратко излагает основные положения диссертации, цели исследования, обосновывает его актуальность и новизну, полученные результаты и возможности практического применения.
5. Все выносимые на защиту положения должны быть отражены в автореферате диссертации, который в сжатой форме представляет проделанное диссертационное исследование и рассылается за месяц до защиты.
6. После доклада соискателя выступают официальные оппоненты с критическим анализом проделанной работы.
7. Если у присутствующих есть желание выступить, они вправе это сделать.
8. Соискатель обязан ответить на все поступившие в устной или письменной форме вопросы.
9. Ход заседания записывается, чтобы позднее была возможность приобщить стенограмму заседания к документам по его защите.
10. Наконец, после соблюдения всей процедуры защиты, проходит тайное голосование членов Ученого совета относительно присуждения претенденту ученой степени кандидата наук.
Now speak on your research paper dwelling upon the following issues:
– composition of the dissertation;
– problems discussed in the introductory part;
– topicality and novelty of your research;
– research methods applied;
– your findings (anticipated results);
– assessment of the results obtained;
– practical application;
– possibility for further research;
– your reports, articles on the problem under research.
Grammar Review: Gerund and Gerundial Constructions
Step 1. Translation tips:
1. Reading scientific articles broadens your knowledge.
Чтение научных статей расширяет твои знания.
2. I don’t feel like discussing the same idea again and again.
Я не люблю обсуждать одну и ту же идею вновь и вновь.
Я не люблю обсуждение ….
3. He was not capable of analysing the obtained results.
Он не был способен проанализировать полученные результаты.
4. On coming to this conclusion he was satisfied with the work done.
Придя к этому выводу, он был доволен выполненной работой.
5. Excuse my interfering into your discussion.
Извините меня за то, что я вмешиваюсь в вашу дискуссию.
6. Einstein’s having been awarded the Nobel prize in physics soon became widely known.
То, что Эйнштейна наградили Нобелевской премией, вскоре стало широко известно.
7. He insisted on my being included into the group of young researchers involved in joint experiment.
Он настаивал на том, чтобы меня включили в группу молодых ученых, вовлеченных в совместный эксперимент.
8. These points of view are alike in having a great number of supporters.
Эти точки зрения сходны тем, что у них есть много сторонников.
9. It’s no use denying the fact that the problem is on the increase, since the latter assumption is made on the basis of the observed data.
Бесполезно отрицать тот факт, что интерес к проблеме возрастает, поскольку последнее предположение сделано на основе наблюдаемых данных.
10. It is worth discussing this phenomenon.
Стоит обсудить это явление.
11. It is no good arguing about this issue.
Не стоит спорить по этому вопросу.
12. I can’t help acknowledging the importance of this statement.
Я не могу не признать важность этого утверждения.
13. Would you mind showing the latest data?
Покажите, пожалуйста, последние данные.
14. In spite of having some problems, our group succeeded in finishing this part of work.
Несмотря на то, что были некоторые проблемы, нашей группе удалось завершить эту часть работы.
Step 2. Translate into Russian.
1. Maintaining an effective working relationship in a team holds the key to success of research projects.
2. You may feel so proud of having actually produced something worthy of your supervisor’s attention.
3. Whilst the UK is currently very successful in attracting international postgraduates maintaining this position will become increasingly challenging, as competitor countries invest heavily in developing and marketing their own postgraduate systems.
4. The period of time involved in completing a PhD is usually at least three years full-time and four years part-time.
5. It is worth doing more for students by taking advantage of research findings on different educational techniques.
6. Undertaking postgraduate study develops research skills and independent thinking.
7. There is no use arguing about this approach.
8. Start by writing a summary that includes whatever you think is important, and then gradually cut it down to the required size by removing unnecessary words.
9. You can’t use other people’s work or words without acknowledging the source of information to avoid plagiarism.
10. Mr. Brown’s having been appointed head of the Department was quite unexpected.
11. To a large extent the skilled analyst’s productivity may be attributed to his having acquired, through many repetitions, the necessary technique.
12. Success in obtaining grants for research projects depends on the scientific merit of the proposal.
13. Asking direct but positively constructed questions is worth doing.
14. In spite of having quite a lot of difficulties, he managed to complete his scientific work on time.
15. The book aims at acquainting the readers with modern achievements in psychology.
Step 3. Translate into English.
1. Аспиранту было трудно убедить своего научного руководителя в достоверности полученного результата.
2. Я думаю об использовании другого подхода.
3. Мне кажется, что эта гипотеза не стоит того, чтобы ее упоминали.
4. Вопросы, заданные оппонентом, нацелены на более полное понимание эксперимента.
5. Извините меня за то, что опоздал на собеседование.
6. Он не мог не принять участия в предстоящей международной конференции.
7. Есть еще одна точка зрения, которую стоит упомянуть.
8. Вы не будете возражать, если я задам вам несколько вопросов?
9. Я не могу не сожалеть о том, что не закончил учебу в аспирантуре.
10. При решении проблем необходимо делать различие между фактом и гипотезой.
11. Бесполезно делать правки в вашей статье, их слишком много.
12. Несмотря на то, что у него не было разрешения, он продолжал пользоваться оборудованием.
13. Они возражали против того, чтобы данные были опубликованы прежде, чем завершатся все эксперименты.
14. При проведении наблюдений необходимо быть очень точным, чтобы избежать ошибки.
15. За последнее время человеку удалось добиться контроля над многими процессами в природе.
Grammar Review: Non-Finite Forms of the Verb.
Step 1. Translate into Russian.
1. The results of the work to be discussed at the workshop are of great importance for us.
2. The participants of the conference expected the draft code to be discussed at one of the sittings.
3. It is to be mentioned that the problem can be viewed from different angles.
4. The dissertation having been submitted to the Academic Council, the latter started to study it closely.
5. They succeeded in having finished the discussion ahead of time.
6. He was the first to make the report at the conference.
7. The organizers of the workshop could not help thinking over its tentative agenda again and again.
8. It is worth analyzing this phenomenon in detail.
9. The conference room was packed, several participants standing along the walls.
10. To sum up, we must acknowledge that there are positive shifts in the sphere of cooperation with international educational institutions.
11. The report is to be translated into the Belarusian language.
12. There being too many people in the conference room, we couldn’t enter it.
13. Bringing research students together in interdisciplinary centres not only enriches the students’ experience but also encourages knowledge sharing.
14. Getting the balance right between risk-taking and risk-minimizing in research education requires fine judgment.
15. To have a full understanding of science full information is required.
16. They can hardly be said to have discovered this phenomenon.
17. This method does not seem to offer any advantages over that discussed above.
18. Here is one more important point for the speaker to explain.
Step 2. Translate into English.
1. Отчет о стажировке должен быть представлен не позднее 1 июня.
2. Моя последняя статья была помещена в «Вестнике БГУ», причем еще одна статья также принята к печати.
3. О том, что Петров успешно защитил диссертацию, сообщалось в январском номере «Университетской Жизни».
4. Стоит просмотреть зарубежные издания по вопросам права.
5. После того, как были подведены результаты конференции, председатель выступил с заключительной речью.
6. Осуществлять профессиональные контакты – значит участвовать в конференциях, научных стажировка, круглых столах и др.
7. Следует подчеркнуть, что помощь научного руководителя является решающей для успешной подготовки диссертации.
8. Статья, которая должна быть сдана в сборник «Наука», очень важна для моего отчета.
9. Известно, что научный руководитель назначается из числа сотрудников кафедры, имеющих ученую степень.
10. Мы полагаем, что дискуссия развернется по актуальным проблемам окружающей среды.
11. На книгу, которую я перевожу, часто ссылаются ученые, занимающиеся проблемами экологического права.
12. На конференции аспирантов и молодых ученых, ежегодно проводимой в нашем университете, мы получили возможность выступить с докладом по проблеме исследования.
13. Научный руководитель настоял на проведении повторного эксперимента.
14. Оппонент продолжал делать замечания.
15. К экзамену мы представим доклад и эссе, написанные по переведенной литературе.
16. Выводы, которые сделал ученый привели к грандиозному открытию в науке.
17. Нет основания, чтобы это противоречие обсуждалось вновь.
List of Academic Vocabulary Used for Writing Abstracts,
Making Summaries and Preparing Reports.
As the title implies the article describes …
The author concentrates on …
He (she) presents a general picture of …
The description of … … is based on …
The article seems to be of particular interest to an audience of (interested in chemistry, mathematics, physics …) students.
The asserted purpose of the present paper is to answer the question …
In the attempt to give an account of … the author offers a survey of modern interpretation of the problem …
The paper acquaints the reader with the efforts of theorists (theoreticians) to define ….
Though the paper is … the general reader will find a wealth of information … which makes the article attractive and useful …
The paper discusses the application of …
The reader will find the book (research article, volume) useful (helpful, interesting, attractive) of particular (special, great, interest) importance (significance, value).
In the reviewed book (paper) the method (theory, discussion, treatment) of … is presented.
The purpose (aim, object) of the book (publication, paper, article, monthly, journal) under review (discussion, consideration) is to survey, explain, describe, provide, to examine, give…)
The scope (object) of the journal is (aims at providing a broad view of the subject) … a critical review of, to publish important and topical results or fundamental research in the field of …
Opposite views on … open a range of hypotheses which can explain the phenomenon.
… is presented by 2 points of view that … and the more prevalent view that …
No view is discredited, both are supported by …
The attempts are made …
However, preference is given to the belief that …
The paper does not give information on the applicability of the theory used …
The method proposed by … is applicable to the actual analysis.
The same concepts apply to all forms of …
The author discusses (considers, determines, outlines, gives, proves, solves, extends, derives the theory (examples, method, the development).
The author thinks, supposes, estimates, claims, believes, considers, assumes, argues, notices, announces, points out, shows, states, emphasizes, reports, asserts, concludes, declares, confirms (that) …
The concept of … is given by …
Footnotes to a table (the title) are indicated by … (symbols) …
The apparatus (the table) is shown, given in Figure I (Table II).
As can be seen from this figure (table) that …
The measurements shown in Figure II illustrate…
Results reproduced (introduced) in Table II show…
The problem is stated (is discussed, has been discussed by) …
References to … are numbered (are indicated by) …
Bibliography is a list of references (books, writings).
The subject field of a periodical embraces (covers, provides, encourages, is designed (to), is intended, is developed (to), is concerned with, is published for, contains, includes, combines, explores, examines, concerns, records, summarizes, suggests).
The concluding remark emphasizes that …
In the reviewed paper the author has succeeded in showing (providing, presenting …) the…
The method (procedure, approach, idea or result) seems to have practical interest (value) to …
The method proves (permits, agrees with the measurement) … is based on, is stated, is applied, is developed, is derived from, is outlined …
However, the subject (applicability) is (seems) doubtful to …
In spite of … this method (the article) is (seems) …
The author (editor, publisher, proofreader) is to blame for …
The author failed to show (exhibit, provide, present, give a account of, direct our attention to …)
The problem considered is the determination of …
The (principal) results obtained (arrived at) confirm, show, lead to, coincide with …)
Linking Words and Phrases Used in Written
and Spoken Academic English
| Personal opinion: | in my opinion/view, to my mind, to my way of thinking, I am convinced that, it strikes me that, it is my firm belief that, I am inclined to believe that, it seems to me that, as far as I am concerned, I think that... |
| To list advantages and disadvantages: | one advantage of, another advantage of, one other advantage of, a further advantage of, the main advantage of, the greatest advantage of, the first advantage of... one disadvantage of, another disadvantage of, one other disadvantage of, a further disadvantage of, the main disadvantage of, the greatest disadvantage of, the first disadvantage of … |
| To list points: | firstly, first of all, in the first place, secondly, thirdly, finally, to start/begin with, …. |
| To list points in a specific sequence: | beginning: first, to start/begin with, first of all, …. continuing: secondly, after this/that, afterwards, then, next, … concluding: finally, lastly, last but not least, … |
| To add more points to the same topic: | what is more, furthermore, apart from this/that, in addition (to this), moreover, besides (this), … not to mention the fact that … not only …, but … also …., … both … and …. |
| To refer to other sources: | with reference to, according to … |
| To express cause: | … because, owing to the fact that, due to the fact that, on the grounds that, since, as …., in view of, because of, owing to …., …; for this reason …., seeing that..., … now that …. |
| To express effect: | … thus, therefore, so, consequently, as a result, as a consequence, … |
| To express purpose: | …, so that …, …, so as to / in order to …, …, in case …, … with the purpose/intention of …. |
| To emphasise a point: | indeed, naturally, clearly, obviously, of course, needless to say, …. |
| To express reality: | it is a fact that, in effect, in fact, as a matter of fact, the fact of the matter is (that), actually, in practice, indeed, …. |
| To express the difference between appearance and reality: | initially, at first, …. |
| To give examples: | for instance, for example, …., … such as, like ….., … particularly, in particular, especially …. |
| To make general statements: | as a (general) rule, by and large, generally, in general, on the whole, … |
| To make partially correct statements: | up to a point, to a certain extent/degree, to some extent/degree, in a sense, in a way, to a limited extent, … |
| To express limit of knowledge: | to the best of my knowledge, as far as I know, … |
| To state other people’s opinion: | it is popularly believed that, people often claim that, it is often alleged that, some people argue that, many argue that, most people feel that, some people point out that …, contrary to popular belief, … |
| To make contrasting points: | … yet, however, nevertheless, but, even so, still, nonetheless, …. although, even though, regardless of the fact that, in spite of the fact that, despite the fact that, while …. |
| To express balance (the other side of the argument): | opponents of … argue, claim, believe that …. while it is true to say that …, in fact …. the fact that … contradicts the belief/idea that …. |
| Negative addition: | neither … nor …., nor, neither …., …, either. |
| To express exception: | … apart from, but, except (for) …. |
| To clarify/rephrase: | in other words, that is to say, to put it another way, …. |
| To express similarity: | …; similarly,/likewise,/in the same way, …. |
| To give an alternative: | … either … or …. … on the other hand, alternatively, …. |
| To express condition: | … on the condition that, provided (that), providing (that), only if, as long as …. in the event of …, in the event that, if …., … in case …., … whether (or not) …? … otherwise, or (else) …. |
| To express the consequence of a condition: | …; consequently, then, so, in which case, …., …; if so, …, if not, otherwise, …. |
| To express comparison: | … as … as, more … than, twice as … as, less … than …. |
| To conclude: | finally, lastly, all in all, taking everything into account/consideration, on the whole, all things considered, in conclusion, on balance, for the above mentioned reasons, therefore I feel that, to sum up, …. |
| Time: | … when, whenever, before, until, till, after …, … since …, … while …, … now that …. |
| Relatives: | … who/that …, … whose …, … where …, … who/whom/that …. |
| Reference: | … regarding, concerning …. … with respect/regard/reference to, in regard/reference to …. |
| Summarising: | in short, briefly, to put it briefly, …! |
Functional Phrase List Used for Conducting
Discussions, Debates, Giving Presentations
1. Starting a conversation/discussion
I see...
Well...
I say...
First...
First of all...
To begin with...
Look here...
Talking (speaking) of, about...
Let me see (think)...
Just a minute (moment)...
That reminds me...
To come back to...
May I have my say?...
In fact...
The fact is that...
On the one hand..., on the other hand...
And now for...
As far as I know...
2. Ending a conversation/discussion
To tell the truth...
To sum up...
Summarizing...
Summing it up...
On the whole...
All in all...
In conclusion...
Finally...
In the long run...
In short...
To make (cut) a long story short...
That's all (there is to it)...
For all I know...
There it is...
And so...
So much for that...
Let's round off...
3. Expressing one's point of view
My own feeling is...
I can quite (well easily) believe it (that)...
It's my opinion that...
In my opinion...
I think (believe, suppose, maintain, feel, hope) that…
To my mind...
Personally, I...
I dare say...
To tell the truth...
If you ask me...
Do you mean to say...?
What do you mean (think)...?
I mean to say...
What do you think of...?
What matters is...
I want to press the point...
In any case...
More than that...
I must admit...
I'm afraid...
I'm tempted to agree...
Дата публикования: 2015-10-09; Прочитано: 304 | Нарушение авторского права страницы | Мы поможем в написании вашей работы!
