Тема 5. Chipping Metals and Chipping Tools

1. Memorize the following words:

chipping	рубка
workpiece	робоча заготовка
chisel	зубило
hammer	молоток
labour-consuming	трудоємнісний
anvil	наковальня
bench vice	слюсарні тиски
edge	ребро, край, грань, лезо
blade	лезо
wedge	клин
acute angle	гострий кут
flat chiesel	плоске зубило
remove	видаляти

2. Read and translate the text.

CHIPPING METAL AND CHIPPING TOOLS

Chipping is a process of removing metal from a workpiece by means of a cutting instrument such as a chisel and a hammer. This process is used when a large piece of metal has to be removed from a workpiece; this process is very labour-consuming and is applied only in cases when the workpiece cannot be machined. Chipping is used in cases when it is necessary to cut off a piece of metal from sheet metal. Chipping of large parts is always done on an anvil but very often it is done in a bench vice. The workpiece to be tooled is fixed during the cutting process in the bench vice.

There are different tools used in metal-working shops for chipping stocks such as chisels. A chisel is a tool made of very hard steel, having a cutting edge at one end of the blade. This cutting edge is wedge-shaped. Under the effect of an external force applied to the wedge it cuts into the metal. The work of the wedge depends mainly on its cutting angle. The cutting edge of the chisel should be sharpened to an acute angle so as to provide for the best cutting ability, depending on the stock to be chipped. The harder the metal, the larger should be the cutting angle of the chisel and vice versa. An angle of about 70° is suitable for most work. There are different types of chisels such as flat chisels, cape chisels, etc.

Hammers are striking tools used in chipping, bending and other operations. Hammers are made of a solid piece of forged tool carbon steel, their weight depending on the stock to be removed.

3. Answer the following questions.

1) What is chipping?

2) What instruments are used in chipping?

3) What is a chisel?

4) What types of chisels do you know?

5) What does the work of a chisel depend on?

4. Memorize the following grammar material:

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

(Минулий тривалий час)

+) Стверджувальна форма

I, he, she, it was	V1+ ing
we, you, they were	V1+ing

–) заперечна форма

I, he, she, it was not	V1+ ing
we, you, they were not	V1+ ing

?) питальна форма

…was	I, he, she, it	V1+ ing
… were	we, you, they	V1+ ing

Цей час означає минулу тривалу дію недоконаного виду, яка відбувалася в певний проміжок часу. Уживається зі словами: о 5 годині вчора – at 5 o’clock yesterday, з 3 до 4 годин вчора – from 3 till 4 o’clock yesterday, весь ранок учора – the whole morning yesterday, коли ти прийшов – when you came, у цей час учора – at that time yesterday.

For example: I was working at 3 o’clock yesterday. She was not going to the University at that time yesterday. What was he writing the whole morning? They were going to their friends when we met them.

5. Open the brackets and put the verbs into the Past or Present Continuous tense.

1) I (to write) an English exercise now. 2) He (to go) to the laboratory when I saw him yesterday. 3) She (to prepare) a report at this time yesterday. 4) My friends (to work) at the library now. 5) What you (to do) from 5 to 6 o’clock yesterday? 6) We (not to help) them now. 7) My friend (to do) his homework at the moment. 8) He (not to drive) his car the whole evening yesterday. 9) Look! He (to drive) very fast.

10) This company (not to produce) such devices at the moment. 11) The manager (to speak) on the phone from 2 till 3 yesterday. 12) What you (to read) now? 13) You (to discuss) urgent problems now? 14) He (to know) him well now. 15) We (to improve) this equipment the whole year.

6. Translate the following sentences into English.

1) Я зараз працюю над новим приладом. 2) Ми не читали цю статтю весь вечір. 3) Вони вивчали це обладнання весь день учора. 4) Вони зараз відпочивають у своїй кімнаті. 5) Директор зараз зайнятий. Він говорить по телефону. 6) Де ви були весь ранок учора? 7) Вона готує зараз доповідь. 8) Що ви читали в цей час? 9) Я зараз не обговорюю останні новини. 10) Послухай! Він говорить про цікаві факти. 11) Цей прилад зараз не працює. 12) Ми не говорили по телефону в цей час учора. 13) Інженери проектували ці прилади протягом усього року. 14) Ці інструменти не відповідають вимогам наших клієнтів. 15) Рисунок 3 показує процес рубки за допомогою зубила.

7. What were you doing at the following time? Write one sentence.

1) (at 8 o’clock yesterday evening) 2) (at 5 o’clock last Saturday) 3) (at 11.15 yesterday morning) 4) (at 5.30 this morning) 5) (at 7.45 yesterday evening) 6) (half an hour ago)

8. Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. Use the past continuous.

1) Ann burnt her hand while she… 2) The bell rang while I… 3) We saw an accident while we … 4) Nastya fell asleep while she … 5) The television was on but nobody..

9. Put the verbs into the correct form, past continuous or past simple.

1) I (see) Olha in town yesterday but she (not/see) me. She (look) the other way. 2) I (meet) Denys and Yulya at the airport a few weeks ago. They (go) to Paris and I (go) to Warsaw. We (have) a chat while we (wait) for our flights. 3) I (cycle) home yesterday when suddenly a man (step) out into the road in front of me. I (go) quite fast but luckily I (manage) to stop in time and (not/hit) him.

10. Put the verbs into the correct form, past continuous or past simple.

1) Mary (wait) for me when I (arrive). 2) What you (do) at this time yesterday? 3) I (not/go) out last night. 4) Katya (be) at the classes yesterday? Yes, she (be). 5) How fast you (drive) when the accident (happen)? 6) Ivan (work) hard in the lab at this time yesterday. 7) We (be) in a very difficult position. We (not/know) what to do. 8) I haven’t seen Oleh for ages. When I last (see) him, he (try) to find a job. 9) I (walk) along the street when suddenly I (hear) footsteps behind me. Somebody (follow) me. I (be) frightened and I (start) to run. 10) I (want) to be an engineer two years ago.