Text 2. The Economy of the USA

1. Найдите эквиваленты:

1. 1. the leading nations 2. 2. the world’s economic power 3. 3. the nation’s wealth 4. 4. the private economic activity 5. 5. the farm incomes 6. 6. the family farms 7. 7. the main object 8. 8. the governmental concern 9. 9. the government’s revenues 10. the federal revenue 11.the personal income tax 12. the excise duties 13. the federal excises 14. the social insurance taxes 15. the economy benefits … 16. the world’s output 17. the country’s only anthracite 18. the mountainous states 19. the nonmetallic minerals 20. the climatic differences 21. the enormous output 22. the farm manpower 23. the increased level 24. the space equipment 25. the chief manufactured products 26. the business services 27. the global economic trend 28. the transportation equipment 29. the free-trade treaty 30. the free-trade region 31. the leading trading partners 32. the negative trade balance 33. the large federal budget deficit   34. the direct investment 35. the multinational corporations 36. the manufacturing enterprise

1. лидирующие страны 2. мировая экономическая держава 3. национальное богатство 4. частная экономическая деятельность 5. доходы от с⁄х 6. семейные фермы 7. главная цель 8. забота правительства 9. доходы правительства 10. федеральный доход 11. налог на личный доход 12. акцизный сбор 13. федеральные акцизы 14. налоги на социальное страхование 15. экономика получает прибыль 16. мировое производство 17. единственные антрациты в стране 18. горные штаты 19. цветные металлы 20. климатические отличия 21. огромное производство 22. рабочие кадры в с⁄х 23. возросший уровень 24. космическое оборудование 25. главные промышленные продукты 26. профессиональные услуги   27. мировая экономическая тенденция 28. транспортное оборудование 29. соглашение о свободной торговле 30. зона свободной торговли 31. главные торговые партнёры 32. отрицательный торговый баланс 33. большой дефицит федерального бюджета 34. прямое инвестирование 35. международные корпорации 36. промышленное предприятие

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The United States is among the leading industrial and agricultural nations of the Globe. It is the world's greatest economic power in terms of gross national product (GNP) and is among the greatest powers in terms of GNP per capita. The nation's wealth is partly a reflection of its rich natural resources and advanced agriculture, but the main factor, nevertheless, is its highly developed industry. International trade plays an important part in the U.S. economy, too.

The U.S. government plays only a small direct part in economic activity, being restricted to few agencies. Enterprises that are often in public hands in other countries, such as airlines and telephone systems, are run privately in the United States. The principal effort of the government traditionally has been the fostering of competition through en­forcement of antitrust laws. These are designed to combat collusion among companies with respect to prices, output levels, or market shares and, where feasible, to prevent mergers that significantly reduce competition.

The major area of government regulation of economic activity is through fiscal and monetary policy. The government also influences on certain sectors of the economy as a purchaser of goods, notably in the aircraft and aerospace industries. Proposals for governmental controls of prices and incomes have been a frequent source of much controversy.

Farming is a field in which the government strongly regulates private economic activity. It endeavours (прилагать усилия) to support farm incomes through payments to farmers, controls on output, price supports, and the provision of storage and marketing facilities. One disadvantage of the system is that payments are related to farm output, so that the benefit often goes to the larger commercial farms rather than to the so-called family farms that were originally the main object of governmental concern.

Nearly all of the federal government's revenues come from taxes. By far the most important source of tax revenue is the personal income tax. Excise duties yield another small percentage of total federal revenue, in­dividual states levying their own excise and sale taxes. Federal excises rest heavily on alcohol, gasoline and tobacco. Another major source of revenue is social insurance taxes and contributions.

The Labour force in the United States is not highly organized. About three-fourths of those belonging to unions are affiliated with the American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), the nationwide federation of unions. Most unions in manufacturing bargain on a plant- or company wide scale.

U.S. economy benefits from rich natural resources. With only 5 percent of the world's output of coal, copper, and crude petroleum the United States is the world's second largest petroleum-producing nation. The major producing fields are in Alaska, California, The Gulf of Mexico, Louisiana, and Oklahoma. Important reserves of natural gas are found in most of these same areas.

Coal deposits are concentrated largely in the Appa­lachians and in Wyoming. Pennsylvania produces the country's only anthracite. Iron ore is mined in Minnesota and Michigan. Copper production is concentrated in the mountainous states of the West — in Arizona, Utah, Montana, Nevada, and New Mexico. Zinc is mined in Tennessee, Missouri, Idaho, and New York. Lead mining is concentrated in Missouri. Important nonmetallic minerals are phosphates, potash, sulfur, stone, and clays (глина).

Regional climatic differences enable agricultural diversity. The agricultural sector of the USA produces nearly one-half of the world's corn (maize) and more than one-tenth of its wheat. Soybeans, cotton, barley (ячмень), grain sorghum, rice and tobacco are between the main crops as well. Fishing, forestry and livestock are also substantial, nearly one-fifth of the world's beef, pork, mutton and lamb are produced in the USA. Despite the enormous output of U.S. agriculture, the sector of agriculture, forestry and fishing altogether produce less than 3 percent of the GNP. Farm productivity has grown at a rapid rate, enabling a smaller Labour force to produce more than ever before. Farm manpower has fallen, while mechanization and concentration of farm holdings has increased.

Less than 2 percent of the GNP comes from mining and quarrying, despite the fact that the United States is a major world producer of a number of metals and of coal and petroleum. Manufacturing output has grown at approximately the same rate as the economy as a whole. The increase in productivity over the years has been in part a function of the increased level of capital investment. Man­ufacturing accounts for about a fifth of the GNP.

One of the most important sectors in terms of value added is the manufacture of transportation equipment, including motor vehicles, aircraft, and space equipment. Other important sectors include machinery, food products, and chemicals.

Chief manufactured products are crude (сырой) steel, paper, wood pulp, pig iron (чугун в чушках), sulfuric and phosphoric acid (кислота), coke (кокс), cheese, newsprint, aerospace vehicles, machine tools, cotton fabric, carpets and rugs, footwear, motor-vehicle tires, household appliances, television and radio receivers, passenger cars, trucks and buses.

In the second half of the 20th century, services have grown faster than any other sector of the U.S. economy. Services are now second only to manufacturing in contribution to the GNP. The most important compo­nents are health and business services.

Exports, at only 7.6 percent of gross domestic prod­uct in 1994, show the economy of the USA to be rela­tively self-sufficient and comparatively unaffected by global economic trends. Despite this, the United States is the most important single factor in world trade by virtue of the sheer size of its economy. Its exports present more than 10 percent of the world total. Major exports and imports include machinery and transportation equipment (electrical goods, motor vehicles and parts), chemicals, mineral fuel, beverages. Chief exports are also aircraft, computers, tobacco, wheat, and corn. The USA receives in turn paper, clothing, footwear, and food (meat, fish, coffee, tea, and bananas). [1]