Exercise 2. Consult the textbook and other reference materials you have at your disposal, in order to repeat the use and Russian translation of the Substitutes

Consult the textbook and other reference materials you have at your disposal, in order to repeat the use and Russian translation of the Substitutes.

Grammar Note: The Substitutes that are of most common use in the present-day English are: one, ones, the former, the latter, that, those.

Now, study-read the following text, paying attention to the meanings of the sentences containing the Substitutes.

Text 9

The need for technical re-equipment of modern agriculture is becoming evident for the specialists and the community today, especially if the former is analyzed within the scope of current change in the population of the Earth, economic transitions in the developing countries, accompanied by meaningful structural modifications of agriculture worldwide. Land, like other natural resources, must be exploited and protected as a basis for life and activity of people living on the territories of this or that country, whatever the ownership of this land is (private, state, municipal, etc.).

In fact, if we take the world as the whole, tremendous amounts of moneyhave already been channelled into agricultural production. Thus, technical base of the latter has been consolidated. To secure per capitaincrease of agricultural production it is necessary to raise the level of its overall mechanization, first and foremost being that of livestock and poultry farms. Some kinds of livestock equipment are almost completely automatic, including those used to provide water and forage, to collect and transport farm manure, remove silage from the silo and drop it into the conveyer that carries the fodder to the feed troughs. A cluster of machines is now required that would permit a better digestion of various feeds by livestock and poultry, such as grain grinders, feed mixers, forage cutters and blenders that increase the feeding value of grain, roughages and other feeds. These measures, along with the advanced meet and milk processing equipment introduction, allow meaningful increase of agricultural production.

Among the main tasks, agricultural engineers are expectedto find an efficient solution for how to design and make vast series of productive mobile power systems - combine harvesters and high-capacity crop tractors, - those of smaller sizes and lower emission for the specific types of work in greenhouses and cattle-barns. Forage loaders, like New Holland LM 430, Claas Teleporter 975 Plus or JCB Loadalls 520-4, together with harvesting combines John Deere 2266 Extra and Axial-Flow Case 2300 Series answer these modern challenges, and easily compete in the farm market.

Then there is another requirement to be met: production of the entire set of machines and implements for those harvesters and tractors, which would feature technical and economic characteristics conforming to present-day demands. It is also thought necessary to organize the extended production of self-propelled windrow harvesters and at the same time to expand the production of combined and multipurpose soil cultivating, sowing and fertilizing machines, as well as the manufacture of new ones for application of hard and liquid chemical plant protection substances. Here we could name multiple-row harrow John Deere 680, flail chopper Deere 16A, forage blower Deere Vector and trailed forage harvester Deere 3970.

Having in mind the interests of successful advancement of our civilization, it is highly important to continue the re-tooling of agriculture on the basis of new technologies. Among the principle innovations to be introduced, it is worth mentioningcomputerization of agricultural machines, technological processes in agriculture and overall farming practice. Orbiting space satellites can send reports on the crop conditions, direct field machinery (particularly harvesting combines and tractors), provide the needed day-to-day weather forecasts, and net-link farmers who are isolated through circumstances and require constant connection with their colleagues, extension services, stock exchanges, etc.

Furthermore, it is recommended to pay close attention here to the advantages allowed by utilization of complex plastics for machine and construction element manufacturing, which could possibly offer cheaper prices for farm equipment. Moreover, there should be a considerable effort given to automating man-machine functions, such as adjusting a machine for maximum effectiveness of application.

Finally, it is recommended to complete the comprehensive mechanization of the production of sugar beet, raw cotton and fiber flax, and that of the application of organic and mineral fertilizers and crop protection agents, to raise the level of mechanization of the production of vegetables, including potatoes, fruit, fodder, and livestock products.