Text A. THE SKELETON

T he skeleton is composed of bones of various sizes and shapes. There are 223 bones in the skeleton of the adult. The chief parts of the human body are the head, the trunk and the limbs or extremities.

The bony framework of the head is the skull. It consists of cranial and facial parts. There are 26 bones in the skull.

The bones of the trunk are the spinal column or the spine and the breastbone with the ribs. The spine consists of the vertebrae. The vertebra is a small bone which is formed by the body and the arch. There are 32 or 37 vertebrae in the spine. They are 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral vertebrae and from 1 to 5 vertebrae forming the coccyx. The lumbar vertebrae are the largest vertebrae in the spinal column. The have oval bodies. The form of the first and the second cervical vertebrae is different from the others because they take part in the flexible connection of the skull and the spine.

The breastbone is a long bone in the middle of the chest (thorax). On each side of the chest 7 ribs are connected with the breastbone by cartilages. The cartilages of three other ribs are not connected with the breastbone but only with each other and with the seventh rib. The eleventh and the twelfth ribs are not connected with the breastbone either. They are not connected with other ribs. They are free. Each rib is composed of a head, a neck and a body.

The lower limbs (extremities) are connected with the trunk by the pelvis. We can subdivide the lower extremity into: the thigh from the hip to the knee, the leg from the knee to the ankle and the foot with toes.

The upper extremity is subdivided into: the arm from the shoulder to the elbow, the forearm from the elbow to the wrist and the hand with fingers and a thumb. It is connected with the trunk by the shoulder girdle.

The bones of the skeleton are connected together by the joints or by the cartilages and ligaments. The bones consist of organic and inorganic substances.

TASKS

I. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following:

разные размеры и формы, отличается от, принимает участие в

подвижном соединении, в середине грудной клетки, с каждой стороны, органическое вещество

II. Complete the following sentences:

1. The skeleton consists of …

2. The bony framework of the head is …

3. The spine consists of …

4. … is a long bone in the middle of the chest.

5. The … vertebrae are the largest vertebrae in the spinal column.

6. The lower limbs are connected with the trunk by the …

7. The upper extremity is connected with the … by the shoulder girdle.

8. The bones consist of organic and inorganic …

III. Answer the questions:

1. What does the skeleton consist of?

2. How many bones are there in the skeleton of the adult?

3. What are the chief parts of the human body?

4. What parts does the head consist of?

5. What are the main bones of the trunk?

6. What does the spine consist of?

7. What is the vertebra formed of?

8. How many vertebrae are there in the spine?

9. What are the largest vertebrae in the spinal column?

10. Why is the form of the 1-st and the 2-nd cervical vertebrae is different from the

others?

11. Where is the breastbone?

12. What are the main parts of the lower extremity?

13. What are the chief parts of the upper limb?

14. What are the bones of the skeleton connected by?

IV. Use an active or a passive predicate:

1. Bones (to compose) the skeleton. 2. The skull (to consist) of cranial and facial parts. 3. The vertebra (to be) a small bone which (to form) by the body and the arch.

4. The 1-st and the 2-nd cervical vertebrae (to take part) in the flexible connection of the skull and the spine. 5. The ribs (to connect) with the breastbone by cartilages. 6. Pelvis (to connect) the lower limbs with the trunk. 7. The upper extremity (to subdivide) into the arm, the forearm and the hand.

V. Match the words in A with the words in B:

A B

forearm колено

limb конечность

ankle шея

hip палец (ноги)

neck сустав

knee предплечье

trunk кисть

thumb таз

pelvis большой палец (руки)

wrist лодыжка

finger голень

joint туловище

hand локоть

elbow запястье

leg бедро

toe палец (руки)

VI. Translate the sentences:

1. В скелете взрослого человека 223 кости. 2. Основными частями тела является голова, туловище и конечности. 3. Череп состоит их черепной и лицевой частей. 4. В черепе 26 костей. 5. Позвоночник состоит из позвонков. 6. В позвоночнике 7 шейных, 12 грудных, 5 поясничных, 5 крестцовых и от 1 до 5 позвонков, образующих копчик. 7. 1-й и 2-й шейные позвонки участвуют в подвижном соединении черепа и позвоночника, и поэтому имеют форму отличную от других. 8. Таз соединяет нижние конечности с туловищем. 9. Нижняя конечность состоит из бедра, голени и стопы. 10. Верхняя конечность подразделяется на плечо, предплечье и кисть. 11. Кости скелета соединяются при помощи суставов, хрящей и связок.

VII. Read the text and translate the underlined words without looking them in the dictionary:

The main part of the head and face is called the skull. The skull is composed of twenty six bones. These bones form two basic parts of the skull, that is facial and cranial parts.

The bones of the skull are connected with the cervical vertebrae. The bones of the skull are connected so firmly (крепко) that it is very difficult to separate them.

The bones of the skull form one large cavity and some smaller cavities. The large cavity is called the cranial cavity. The brain is in the cranial cavity. One of the smaller cavities is the oral cavity and the other is the cavity of the nose. The eyeballs are in the orbits.

VIII. Divide the following words into nouns and adjectives, read and translate them:

facial, formation, scientific, spinal, cartilage, pelvic, cavity, connection, basic, special, ligament, composition, experimental, anatomical, substance, sacral, oral

IX. Name the words belonging to each part of the body:

1. the head 2. the trunk 3. the lower limbs 4. the upper limbs

lower extremity, orbit, skull, knee, thigh, shoulder, pelvis, eyeball, leg, spinal column, hand, toe, rib, wrist, chest, nose, finger, thoracic cavity, thumb, vertebrae, ankle, arm

X. Learn the following words and word combinations:

age [ eiG] - возраст

at the age of 30 = aged 30 – в возрасте 30 лет; в 30 лет

to grow [grou] (grew, grown) - расти

rapid [‘rqepid] - быстрый

slow [slou] - медленный

length [leNT] – длина, длительность

number [‘nAmbq] – число, количество, номер

a number of – ряд (некоторое количество)

the number of – число, количество

research [ri’sWtS] - исследование

to use [jHz] – использовать, применять, употреблять

artificial [,Rti’fiSql] - искусственный

instead of [in’sted] – вместо (того, чтобы)

case - случай

in case of – в случае

case history – история болезни

XI. Read and translate the following word combinations:

age [eiG] - at the age of 20, at an early age, people of all ages, a patient aged 45

grow [ grou] - to grow rapidly, to grow slowly

length [leNT] - the necessary length, the length of the bone, to increase the length,

to measure the length, the length of the extremity, three metres in

length

number [‘ nAmbq] - a great number, a small number, the number of people, to

increase the number, a number of people

research [ ri’sWtS] - research work, research institute, to make a research, important

research, to research a problem

artificial [, Rti’fiSql] - artificial organs, artificial joints, artificial heart, artificial

brain

case - interesting case, particular case, in case of the disease, patient’s case history