Into what types does М.Я. Блох divide phrases?

М.Я. Блох divides phrases into:

- equipotent

- dominational.

4) What characterizes EQUIPOTENT combinations ( М.Я. Блох)?

EQUIPOTENT combinations are constituted by words related to one another on an equal rank. Neither of the components serves as a modifier to the other:

- ‘ prose and poetry’,

- ’ came and went’,

- ‘ playing, chatting, laughing’,

- ‘no sun, no moon’.

5) Into what types does М.Я. Блох divide EQUIPOTENT combinations?

Equipotent combinations are subdivided into:

- coordinative (‘ came and went ’, ‘ no sun, no moon ’, ‘Mary’s, not John’s’)

- cumulative (‘ satisfied, or nearly so ’).

COORDINATIVE combinations contain components belonging to THE SAME PART OF SPEECH.

They are related:

- either with the help of a coordinative conjunction (syndetically) or

- without the help of conjunctions (asyndetically): ‘ came and went ’, ‘ no sun, no moon ’, ‘Mary’s, not John’s’.

CUMULATIVE combinations contain components belonging to DIFFERENT PARTS OF SPEECH.

They are related:

- either with the help of a coordinative conjunction (syndetically) or

- without the help of conjunctions (asyndetically): ‘ satisfied, or nearly so ’.

6) What characterizes DOMINATIONAL combinations ( М.Я. Блох)?

Dominational combinations are constituted by the elements that are syntactically UNEQUAL. One of the elements is a modifier of the other.

The dominating element is called the head-word, or the nucleus, or the kernel, or the kernel element.

The dependent element is called the adjunct, or the adjunct-word, or the expansion.

It may seem that dominational combinations are the same as subordinative constructions, that is, such constructions in which one of the components (the head-word) can substitute for the whole phrase in the given syntactic position (‘ a careful observer ’, ‘ definitely out of the point ’). It is not so. DOMINATIONAL combinations include SUBORDINATE constructions, and they also include PREDICATIVE phrases like Henry knew, in which neither of the components can substitute for the whole phrase in the given syntactic position. М.Я. Блох believes that in predicative phrases both components are mutually dependent: this is bilateral (reciprocal, two-way) domination: the subject dominates the predicate, and the predicate, in its turn, dominates the subject.

7) What types of DOMINATION does М.Я. Блох distinguish?

М.Я. Блох distinguishes two types of domination:

- monolateral (one-way) and

- bilateral (reciprocal, two-way).

Monolateral domination of the head-word characterizes subordinate constructions in which ONE of the components (the head-word) can substitute for the whole phrase in the given syntactic position (‘ a careful observer ’, ‘ definitely out of the point ’).

Bilateral domination characterizes PREDICATIVE phrases like Henry knew, in which neither of the components can substitute for the whole phrase in the given syntactic position: the subject dominates the predicate, and the predicate, in its turn, dominates the subject.

8) Into what types does М.Я. Блох divide phrases?

М.Я. Блох divides dominational combinations into:

- consecutive

- cumulative.

CONSECUTIVE dominational combinations are those in which the order of the elements is natural, corresponding to the rules of the English language:

- ‘ a careful observer ’,

- ‘ definitely out of the point ’.

CUMULATIVE dominational combinations are those in which the order of the elements is broken – as if the speaker has remembered something and decides to add some additional information:

- ‘ an observer, seemingly careful ’,

- - ‘ out of the point, definitely ’.

9) Into what types are phrases divided according to the PART – OF– SPEECH meaning of the head word?

According to the part of speech to which the head-word belongs, grammarians distinguish the following types of phrases:

- noun phrases [ субстантивные словосочетания ] (young people);

- verb phrases [ глагольные словосочетания ] (go fast, walk along the road);

- adjective phrases [ адъективные словосочетания ] (rather difficult);

- adverb phrases [ адвербиальные словосочетания ] (rather far);

- pronoun phrases [ местоименные словосочетания ] (some of you).

10) Into what types does Л.С. Бархударов divide phrases basing his classification on the STRUCTURE of the immediate constituents?

According to the structure of the immediate constituents phrases are dividedinto:

- simple phrases

- complex phrases.

SIMPLE phrases are those whose both constituents are non-expanded: blue vase.

COMPLEX phrases are those in which either the head-word or the adjunct or both are expanded:

a) three black dogs (the expanded head-word);

b) politically active youth (the expanded adjunct);

c) the reception of the delegation || by the president of the republic (the expanded head-word and the expanded adjunct);

11) Into what types does Л.С. Бархударов divide phrases basing his classification on the POSITION of the components of a phrase in a sentence?

According to the fact whether the constituents of the phrase ADJOIN each other in the sentence or are SEPARATED by other words phrase are divided into:

- continuous phrases

- discontinuous phrases.

The examples of discontinuous phrases:

- Slowly, old Jolyon got up out of the chair.

- Of the threat she said nothing.

- “He is gone,” murmured Sibyl, sadly.

12)

The predicate of absolute predicative phrases can be:

- of verbal nature (participle I, participle II, the infinitive) and

- of non-verbal nature (the adjective, the adverb, the noun, a prepositional phrase).

Л.С. Бархударов divides predicative phrases of verbal nature into:

(1) infinitive predicative phrases (for John to go);

(2) gerundial predicative phrases (Henry’s working);

(3) absolute predicative phrases (All things considered, …).

Absolute predicative phrases of verbal nature (participle I, participle II, the infinitive):

- He being gone, Emmy felt free and relaxed.

- Roger said, his voice trembling.

- His thirst gone, Tom decided to look around.

- Thus everything was settled, the expenses to be paid by me.

Absolute predicative phrases of non-verbal nature (the adjective, the adverb, the noun, a prepositional phrase):

- He looked around, his face pale.

- Tea over, she went to wash the dishes.

- All the guests stood up, glass in hand.

- His first shot a failure, Dyke fired again.