Task 32. Read the text to answer the following questions. Translate your answers into Ukrainian

Nonverbal or non-word communication means all communi­cation that occurs without words. This subject is a broad one and because it is so broad, nonverbal communication is quite vague and imprecise. For example, a frown on someone’s forehead is sometimes interpreted to mean worry. But could it be that the person has a headache? Or is the person in deep thought? No doubt, there could be numerous meanings given to the facial expressions.

The number of possible meanings is multiplied even more when we consider the cross-cultural side of communication. Culture teaches us about body positions, movements and various factors that affect human relationship. Thus, the meanings we give to nonverbal symbols will vary depending on how our culture has conditioned us.

Because of these numerous meanings, you need to be sensitive to what others intend with nonverbal communication. And you need to make some allowance for error in the meanings you receive from nonverbal symbols. As a listener, you need to go beyond the obvious to determine what nonverbal symbols mean. Perhaps one good way to grasp the intent of this suggestion is to look at the intended meanings you have for the nonverbal symbols you use.

Only if you look at nonverbal symbols through the prism of self-analysis and realise their multiple meaning potential you can get some idea of how differently they might be interpreted. And when you become aware of the many differences, you then can become sensitive to the meaning intended by the nonverbal communication.

At first thought, one might think that the positions and movements of the body are much the same for all people. But such is not the case. These positions and movements differ by culture and the differences can affect communication. For example, in American culture most people sit when they wish to remain in one place for some time, but in much of the world people hunker (squat). Because Americans do not hunker, they tend to view hunkering as primitive. This view obviously affects their communication with people who hunker, for what they see when they communicate is a part of the message. But how correct is this view? Actually, hunkering is a very normal body position. Children hunker quite naturally – until their elders teach them to sit. Who is to say that sitting is more advanced or better?

For another example, people from American culture who visit certain Asian countries are likely to view the fast, short steps taking by the inhabitants as peculiar or funny and to view their longer strides as normal. And when people from American culture see the inhabitants of these countries bow on meeting and leaving each other, they are likely to interpret the bowing as a sign of subservience or weakness. Similarly, people from South American culture see standing up as the appropriate things to do on certain occasions whereas people from some other cultures do not.

As you know, movements of certain body parts (especially the hands) are a vital form of human communication. Some of these movements have no definite meaning even within a culture. But some have clear meanings and these meanings may differ by culture. To us an up-and-down movement of the head means yes and a side-to-side movement of the head means no. These movements may mean nothing at all or some­thing quite different to people from cultures in which thrusting the head forward, rais­ing the eyebrows, jerking the head to one side or lifting the chin are used to convey similar meanings. For another example, the two-fingered "victory" sign is as clear to us as any of our hand signs. To an Australian, whose culture is not vastly different from ours, the sign has the most vulgar meaning. The “OK” sign is terribly rude and insulting in such diverse places as Russia, Germany and Brazil. In Japan, a similar sign represents money. If a businessperson completing a contract gave this sign, the Japanese might think they needed to give more money, perhaps even a bribe. Even the widely used “thumbs up” sign for “things are going well” could get you into trouble in countries from Nigeria to Australia. And so it is with many of our other body movements. They differ widely, even within cultures.

The movements of our eyes also vary by culture. In North America people are taught to look their audience in the eye in formal speechmaking. In informal talking, however, they are encouraged to look but not stare. Although not everyone in their culture conforms to these standards, they regard them as desirable. In cultures such as Indonesia looking at people, especially those older or in higher positions is considered to be disrespectful. On the other hand, our practices of eye contact are not so rigorous as with the British and Germans. Unless one understands these cultural differences, how one looks or does not look can be interpreted as being impolite on the one hand and being shy on the other.

Touching and particularly handshaking differences are important to understand. This is made difficult by others adopting Western greetings. However, some cultures, like the Chinese, do not like touching much and will give a handshake you might per­ceive as weak while other cultures like touching and will give you greetings ranging from full embraces and kisses to nose rubbing. If you can avoid judging others from different cultures on their greeting based on your standards, you can seise the opportunity to access the cultural style of the worker.

In our culture, smiles are viewed positively in most situations. But in some other cultures (notably African cultures), a smile is regarded as a sign of weakness in cer­tain situations (such as bargaining). Receiving a gift or touching with the left hand is a serious breach of etiquette among Muslims, for they view the left hand as unclean. We attach no such meaning to the left hand. And so it is with other body movements such as arching the eyebrows, positioning the fingers, raising the arms and many more. All cultures use body movements in communicating, but in different ways.

Task 33. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Необхідно пам’ятати, що існують відмінності у сприйнятті позицій та рухів тіла представниками різних культур. 2. Значення позицій і рухів тіла відрізняються в кожній культурі і ці відмін­ності можуть впливати на результати спілкування. 3. Жести є необхідною формою людського спілкування. 4. Деякі з них не мають точного значення навіть у межах однієї культури. 5. Для українців, рух головою вверх-вниз означає “так”, а з боку у бік – “ні”. 6. Жест “OK” – прийнятний у США, але свідчить про невихованість у таких країнах, як Росія, Німеччина та Бразилія. 7. Рухи очей мають різне значення в різних культурах. 8. Зазви­чай українці дивляться співрозмовникові у вічі. 9. В Індонезії споглядання на людей вважається виявом неповаги. 10. З іншого боку, наша традиція зорового контакту під час спілкування є менш формальною, ніж у британців чи німців. 11. Важливо пам’ятати про відмінності у рукостисканні, коли ви розмовляєте з представником іншої культури. 12. Для прикладу, у Китаї не прийнято торкатись співрозмовника, та все ж, якщо рукостискання необхідне, то воно буде слабким. 13. У нашій культурі усміш­ки сприймаються позитивно у більшості ситуацій. 14. У деяких культурах, особливо африканських, посмішка розціню­ється як вияв слабкості. 15. Невербальне спілкування – це спілкування, що відбувається без слів.

Task 34. Think over and then write for half an hour on one of the following issues:

A. How important for an international manager, do you think, is to know cultural peculiarities of a foreign market? Supply your arguments.

B. What peculiarities of Ukrainian culture should, in your opinion, foreign businessmen know for their business to be a success in Ukraine?

C. What body positions and movements are characteristic for Ukrainians?