Inner organs alimentary tract

I. Exercises.

ex. 1. Запомните произношение следующих слов:

membraneous — перепончатый duodenum — двенадцатиперстная кишка

pharynx — глотка jejunum — тощая кишка

esophagus - пищевод ileum - подвздошная кишка

pancreas - поджелудочная железа caecum - слепая кишка

gland - железа colon - ободочная (толстая) кишка

salivary - слюнный rectum - прямая кишка

ex. 2. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания:

alimentary - пищеварительный palate - нёбо

stomach — желудок soft palate - мягкое нёбо

intestine — кишечник, кишка hard palate - твердое нёбо

small intestine - тонкий кишечник food - пища, питание

large intestine - толстый кишечник through - через, сквозь, по, в

gallbladder - жёлчный пузырь portion - часть, отдел; порция, доля

important - важный, значительный measure - мера; измерять

tongue — язык tube — труба, трубка; тюбик

coated tongue — обложенный язык

ex. 3. Переведите следующие словосочетания:

the lower portion of the stomach; let me see your tongue; the intestines are in the abdominal cavity; to measure the length of the bone; the tongue was coated

ex. 4. Переведите следующие предложения:

1. The soft palate is a continuation of the soft tissues covering the hard palate. 2. The small intestine composed of three main portions is a thin-walled muscular tube. 3. The weight of the largest of the salivary glands is 28 g. 4. The liver consists of small lobules connected together by connective tissue, different vessels and nerves. 5. The duodenum is called so because its length measures about the length of twelve fingers. 6. The liver consisting of lobes is covered with a fibrous coat.

ex. 5. Переведите слова на русский язык, а словосочетания с ними -- на английский:

1. mouth (n)

откройте рот; во рту 32 зуба; твердое и мягкое нёбо находятся во рту; open the mouth; there are 32 teeth in the mouth; the hard and soft palate are in the mouth;

2. stomach (n)

желудок - внутренний орган; нижняя часть желудка; желудок состоит из четырех оболочек; the stomach is an inner organ; the lower portion of the stomach; the stomach consists of four coats;

3. tongue (n)

язык — орган вкуса; у больного обложенный язык; разрешите посмотреть язык; the tongue is the organ of taste; the patient has a coated tongue; let me see your tongue;

4. intestine (n)

толстая кишка делится на три части; тонкая и толстая кишка находятся в брюшной полости; the large intestine is divided into three parts; the small and large intestines are in the abdominal cavity;

5. through (prp)

кровь проходит по артериям; пища проходит через глотку в пищевод; проходить по сосудам; the blood passes through the arteries; the food passes through the pharynx to the esophagus; to pass through the vessels

II. Text "The Alimentary Tract".

The alimentary tract is a musculomembraneous canal about 81/2 m (metres) in length. It extends from the oral cavity to the anus. It consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The liver with gallbladder is the large glands of the alimentary tract.

The first division of the alimentary tract is formed by the mouth. Important structures of the mouth are the teeth and the tongue, which is the organ of taste. The soft and hard palates and the salivary glands are also in the oral cavity.

From the mouth food passes through the pharynx to the esophagus and then to the stomach.

The stomach is a dilated portion of the alimentary canal. It is in the upper part of the abdomen under the diaphragm. It measures about 21-25 cm in length, 8-9 cm in its greatest diameter. It has a capacity of from 2.14 to 4.28 1 (litres).

The small intestine is a thin-walled muscular tube about 6.5 metres long. It is located in the lower and central portions of the abdominal and pelvic cavities. The small intestine is composed of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum.

The large intestine is about 1.5 metres long. It is divided into caecum, colon and rectum.

The liver is the largest gland in the human body. It is in the right upper part of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm. The liver is in the right sides of the abdomen. The weight of the liver is 1,500 g.

The gallbladder is a hollow sac lying on the lower surface of the liver.

The pancreas is a long thin gland lying under and behind the stomach.

III. Exercises.

ex. 1. Translate these sentences and define the part of speech of the words in bold

type:

1. The left atrium and ventricle connected by the mitral valve form the left

chamber of the heart. 2. The operation made on the diseased joints restored the

health of the patient. 3. The main inner organs included in the thoracic cavity are

the heart and lungs. 4. The blood carried through the veins from the trunk, head

and extremities to the right atrium is called venous.

ex. 2. Translate the following sentences:

1. The peritoneum is a serous coat covering the inner surface of the abdominal wall. 2. The shape of the stomach changes when it dilates and its borders greatly extend. 3. The capillaries are connected with the ending of the arteries and veins. 4. The left atrium is smaller than the right one and its walls are thicker than those of the right one.

ex. 3 Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Хрящ - эластичная структура, которая встречается на поверхности суставов. The cartilage is an elastic structure which is found on the surface of joints. 2. Мышцы, кости, и все ткани тела человека растут за счет (из) веществ, получаемых с пищей. The muscles, the bones and all the tissues of the human body grow from the substances received from food. 3. Пищеварительный тракт имеет длину около 8-10 метров. The alimentary tract is about 8-10 m in length. 4. Суставы - это расширенные окончания костей, покрытые хрящами. The joints are dilated endings of the bones covered with cartilages.

ex. 4 Translate the sentences:

1. The brain (располагаться) in the cranial cavity. 2. The left and the right heart chambers (разделяться) by the septum. 3. Many books on medicine (издаваться) last year. 4. The left lung (делиться) into two lobes.

ex. 5 Translate the sentences paying attention to Participles and Infinitive:

1. The blood (to carry) to the liver passes through the portal vein. 2. The articles (to publish) were written by a young surgeon. 3. The blood passing through the portal vein is carried to the liver. 4. The (to receive) findings helped the surgeon to perform the operation. 5. Many small lobules (to connect) by connective tissue and bands of vessels and nerves form the liver. 6. Making the medical examination of the patient the doctor considered that his condition was normal. 7. The doctor changed the treatment to restore the patient's health as rapidly as possible. 8. Andreas Vesalius was the first anatomist to describe the structure of the human organs in connection with their functions. 9. To determine the borders of the heart is not an easy matter for a medical student.