Vocabulary notes. 1. are now available to science — находятся сейчас в распо­ряжении науки

1. are now available to science — находятся сейчас в распо­ряжении науки

2. to take over jobs — выполнять работы

3. maintenance n — содержание, техническое обслуживание

4. demand a certain knowledge to be of the fundamentals — тре­бует определенных знаний основ

5. incandescent lamps — лампа накаливания

6. transformer n — трансформатор

7. seems to jump through space — как бы проскакивает в про­странстве

8. in the same way — точно так же

9. comes out of the metal into the open — выходит из металла в окружающее пространство

10. vacuum tube — электронная лампа 11. filament n — нить накала

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Translate the following sentences with the elliptical construction.

Pattern: When in rapid motion, electrons can produce...

Когда электроны быстро движутся, они могут образовывать...

1. Though invisible in themselves, ultraviolet rays can be utilized in the production of light. 2. Although a medium-small star, the Sun is ever a thousand times as massive as Jupiter. 3. When at its greatest distance from the Earth, Mars is about half as bright as the Polar star. 4. Once in the air, the jet aircraft is relatively simple to fly, owing to the present of some controls. 5. The fact is that V-2, although a tremendous achievement was primitive by comparison with many modern guided missiles.

II. Translate the following sentences with the elliptical construction.

1. The cooling device, if any,...

2. The gravitational attraction, if any,...

3. The radioactive products, if any...

4. The observations provide definite evidence that the atmosphere on Mercury must be of extreme rarity, if any at all.

5. Which no free oxygen and little, if any, water, Mars still appears to have rather good evidence of life.

6. The next problem of importance which occupied most of the investigators in this field was to determine the long-wave limit, if any, of the infrared radiation.

III. Translate the following sentences with the construction "have+ noun+infinitive ".

1. It is necessary to have the personnel be aware of the dangers involved in operating such a device. 2. Slow neutrons can be detected by having them interact with an isotope of boron. 3. The advantage gained by having specialized groups concentrate on various tasks is obvious. 4. The main advantage of the auto transformation is the saving of copper obtained by having part of the winding serve as both primary and secondary. 5. In the early days of aviation, engines were small and could be started by having someone turn the propeller by hand. 6. Because of the many types of turbine engines, it is not possible to list all the major components and have the list apply to all engines.

IV. Translate the text into Russian in written form.

SUPERCONDUCTIVE ELECTRIC CABLE

A superconductive electric cable was made by the research workers at the Power-Engineering Institute. It is a very useful device and its main property is its being cryogenic. Compared with other types of cables, it has a great advantage – its use will result in transmitting current practically without losses, which is of great importance since nowadays percentage of losses in transmitting electronic power over long distances is rather high; it is ten percent and even more.

The properties of the new cable being unique, electric current up to 10.000 amp at 10.000V and more can be transmitted over long distances. The superconductive cryogenic transmission lines are especially efficient for Russia: the power resources of the country are known to be concentrated mainly in the eastern parts of the country while three-quarters of the industrial potential are concentrated in the European part.

V. Translate the text into Russian and define the tense and voice of the Verbs.

1. We want you to take into consideration that voltage, resistance and capacity are the three important properties to influence the flow of current in an electric circuit. 2. Among the possible sources of power for engines one has to consider the possible of applying atomic energy. 3. If the same cyclotron is to be used for the acceleration of different particles, the necessary adjustment may be made in two ways. 4. This device does not seem to operate because the voltage in the circuit is small. 5. We watched the operator solve a number of complicated problems by using a computer. 6. There are many factors to be taken into consideration when designing a spaceship.

LEXICAL EXERCISES

VI. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the meaning once.

1. It is surprising how simple many problems of physics become once the meaning of each concept involved is completely understood. 2. At ordinary atmospheric pressure helium, once liquefied, remains liquid to the lowest temperature that can be reached. 3. Before taking off the pilot checked his control once more. 4. The thrust magnitude and direction are at once known in terms of the motor performance. 5. It should not be thought that Newton's theory of gravitation was at once universally accepted.

VII. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the verbs: to set, to set up, to set out, to set forward, to set in motion.

1. The directional gyro can be set to give any desired compass reading. 2. When a current flows through a conductor it sets up a magnetic field. 3. The different applications of radar are so numerous that it is impossible to set them out in detail in such a short article. 4. Considerations of VTOL (Vertical Take-Off and Landing) aircraft have been set forth in an article published recently. 5. When new scientific theories are set forward they usually begin with relating new observations to familiar concepts based upon older observations.

6. A force is needed to set a mass in motion.

VIII. Give Russian equivalents of the following word combinations.

space achievements, space launching, space flight, manned space flight, spacestation, space breakthrough, space exploration, space conquest, space power, space programme, space rocket, space travel, automatic station, space walk, outer space, rocket engine, rocket glider, fighter plane, artificial satellite, industrial power.

IX. Give Russian equivalents of the following international words.

history, orbital, date, rocket, test, programme, serious, practice, ballistic, satellite, station, list, astronaut, realize, surprise, revolution.

X. Arrange the following words according to the similar meaning and translate them.

a) to proceed, normally, owing to, accurate, to provide, various, to switch on, energy, a lot of, large, to use, man-made, for instance, to define;

b) many, power, for example, to turn on, to continue, artificial, to supply, big, to determine, precise, usually, to apply, different, due to.

XI. Arrange the following words according to the opposite meaning and translate them.

a) modern, regular, outer, peace, strengthen, include, like, possible, rapidly, past, powerless, efficient, unlimited, accurate, conductor

b) slowly, impossible, inefficient, war, future, limited, inner, old, inaccurate, irregular, non-conductor, dislike, weaken, powerful, exclude.

GRAMMAR REFERENCES