Dimensions, forensic, metallurgy, withstand, interactions, define, spectroscopy, failure

1. The study of the extraction, microstructure and processing of metals is called ….

2. … is one of the methods of Material Characterization.

3. Textile reinforced materials can … vibrations.

4. Forensic materials engineering studies material ….

5. Micro fabrication of structures of micrometric … is the sphere of micro technology.

6. Chemical analysis helps to … properties of materials.

7. Micro technology studies materials, processes and their … at the micrometric scale.

8. … engineering studies how products fail.

1. Agree with the following statements. Prove your reason. Use the expressions: That’s right. It is clear from the text that …

1. There are special fields of materials science studying material structures of very small dimensions.

2. Different methods can be used to investigate properties of materials.

3. There is a special science studying wear of materials.

4. It is possible to reinforce some materials so that they can withstand vibration better.

5. It is important to study defects in crystal structure.

9. Translate the following text in writing. Use a dictionary. Find answers to the questions:

1. What is nanotechnology?

2. How do the properties of a material change at the nanoscale?

3. Do you think the potential effects of nanomaterials on the environment can be dangerous?

Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology works with materials, devices and other structures with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometres. With a variety of potential applications, nanotechnology is a key technology for the future, and governments have invested billions of dollars in its research. Thus, the USA has invested 3.7 billion dollars, the European Union has invested 1.2 billion and Japan 750 million dollars.

Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale to direct control of matter on the atomic scale. Nanotechnology entails the application of fields of science as diverse as surface science, organic chemistry, molecular biology, semiconductor physics, microfabrication, etc.

Nanotechnology may be able to create many new materials and devices with a vast range of applications, such as in medicine, electronics, biomaterials and energy production. On the other hand, nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as any new technology, including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials and their potential effects on global economics, as well as speculation about various doomsday scenarios. These concerns have led to a debate on whether special regulation of nanotechnology is warranted.

Several phenomena become pronounced as the size of the system decreases. These include statistical mechanical effects, as well as quantum mechanical effects. For example, the electronic properties of solids are altered with great reductions in particle size. This effect does not appear in going from macro to micro dimensions. However, quantum effects become dominant when the nanometer size range is reached, typically at distances of 100 nanometers or less, the so-called quantum realm. Additionally, a number of physical (mechanical, electrical, optical, etc.) properties change when compared to macroscopic systems. One example is the increase in surface area to volume ratio altering mechanical, thermal and catalytic properties of materials. Mechanical properties of nanosystems are of interest in the nanomechanics research. The catalytic activity of nanomaterials also opens potential risks in their interaction with biomaterials.

Materials reduced to the nanoscale can show different properties compared to what they exhibit on a macroscale, enabling unique applications. For instance, opaque substances become transparent (copper), stable materials turn combustible (aluminum), insoluble materials become soluble (gold). A material such as gold, which is chemically inert at normal scales, can serve as a potent chemical catalyst at nanoscales. Much of the fascination with nanotechnology stems from these quantum and surface phenomena that matter exhibits at the nanoscale.

Unit 3

1. Memorize the following words:

extract deposits advantage occur smelt tool shape lead significant dull pure state work (зд) hard soft malleable casting ore nugget strong gold silver heavy luster

извлечь залежи преимущество встречаться плавить (руду) инструмент форма свинец существенный тусклый чистое состояние обработать твердый мягкий ковкий литье, отливка руда самородок прочный золото серебро тяжелый блеск

видобувати поклади перевага зустрічатися плавити (руду) інструмент форма свинець істотний тьмяний чистий стан обробити твердий м'який ковкий лиття, відливка руда самородок міцний золото срібло важкий блиск

1. Practise the reading of the following words:

Advantage, occur, malleable, ore, pure, deposits, iron, lead, dull, region, archeologist, oust, luster, scarcity, society, hammer, evidence, age, chemical, heavy, surface, quarter, supreme, ancient, weapon.