Hardness, amount, shielding, desired, manufacture, silicon, ratios, structure, properties

1. Materials science studies the relationship between the … of materials at the atomic level and their macroscopic ….

2. The aim of materials science is to create new materials with … properties.

3. … of steel is directly related to the amount of carbon present.

4. The addition of … to iron will produce cast iron.

5. At present it is impossible to … a perfect crystal of a material.

6. The tensile strength of the steel is related to the … of carbon present.

7. The alloys of aluminum are ideal when high strength-to-weight… are more important than the bulk cost.

8. The alloys of magnesium can provide electromagnetic ….

1. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the words in bold type:

1. The carbon content of steel is little, while that of cast iron is much greater.

2. The strength of cast iron is less than that of steel.

3. Other important alloys are those of copper.

4. The properties of an alloy differ from those of its constituent elements.

5. In order to understand the properties of this material the chemical analysis must be made.

6. Iron must be alloyed with various proportions of carbon in order to obtain carbon steel.

7. Copper as well as its alloys is widely used in electrical engineering.

8. Aluminum is used for automobile and airplane parts as well as for making different light objects used in everyday life.

9. Special conditions were created so that we could test the metal for tensile strength.

10. It is necessary to add some more chromium so that steel can become a little harder.

11. Due to high strength-to-weight ratios, the alloys of magnesium find application in the aerospace industry.

12. Due to the addition of other elements the properties of the metal have changed very much.

1. Translate the following text in writing. Use a dictionary. Find answers to the questions:

1. What materials are called plastics? Give examples.

2. What do you know about composite materials?

3. What classes of materials does materials science study?

Apart from metals, polymers and ceramics are also an important part of materials science. Polymers are the raw materials (the resins) used to make what we commonly call plastics. Plastics are really the final product, created after one or more polymers or additives have been added to a resin during processing, which is then shaped into a final form. Polymers which are in current widespread use include polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, polystyrene, nylons, polyesters, acrylics, polyurethanes, and polycarbonates. Plastics are generally classified as "commodity", "specialty" and "engineering" plastics.

Another application of materials science in industry is the making of composite materials. Composite materials are structured materials composed of two or more macroscopic phases. Applications range from structural elements such as steel-reinforced concrete, to the thermally isolative tiles which play a key and integral role in NASA's Space Shuttle thermal protection system which is used to protect the surface of the shuttle from the heat of re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere. Other examples can be seen in the "plastic" casings of television sets, cell-phones and so on. These plastic casings are usually a composite material made up of a thermoplastic matrix such as acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) in which calcium carbonate chalk, talc, glass fibers or carbon fibers have been added for added strength, bulk, or electro-static dispersion.

Materials science studies various classes of materials, each of which may constitute a separate field. Materials are sometimes classified by the type of binding present between the atoms into:

Ionic crystals

Covalent crystals

Metals

Intermetallics

Semiconductors

Polymers

Composite materials

Vitreous materials

Unit 2

1. Memorize the following words:

define fill space derive from scale wear solid liquid friction dimension surface semiconductor vitreous forensic specify flexibility withstand (stand) interaction interface reinforce

определить заполнить пространство произойти от шкала, масштаб износ твердый жидкий, жидкость трение размер поверхность полупроводник стекловидный судебный определить гибкость выдерживать взаимодействие поверхность раздела, граница укреплять, усиливать

визначити заповнити простір походити від шкала, масштаб знос твердий рідкий, рідина тертя розмір поверхня напівпровідник скловидний судовий визначити гнучкість витримувати взаємодія поверхня поділу, межа підсилювати

1. Practise the reading of the following words:

Nanotechnology, defining, structural, nanometer, molecular, microtechnology, crystallography, associated, physical, dimension, x-rays, electron, electronic, neutron, chemical, spectroscopy, analysis, thermal, microscope, surface, metallurgy, biological, circuit, tribology, wear, ceramography, ceramics, vitreous, oxide, forensic, failure, vital, reinforce, textile, woven, vibration.